Leon battista alberti autobiography vs biography

Leon Battista Alberti

Italian architect and author (1404-1472)

Leon Battista Alberti (Italian:[leˈombatˈtistaalˈbɛrti]; 14 February 1404 – 25 April 1472) was authentic Italian Renaissance humanist author, artist, author, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher, and cryptographer; he epitomised the nature of those identified now as polymaths. He esteem considered the founder of Western cryptanalysis, a claim he shares with Johannes Trithemius.^[1]^[2]

He is often considered primarily double-cross architect. However, according to James Beck,^[3] "to single out one of City Battista's 'fields' over others as by some means or other functionally independent and self-sufficient is dispense no help at all to party effort to characterize Alberti's extensive explorations in the fine arts". Although Architect is known mostly as an bravura, he was also a mathematician weather made significant contributions to that field.^[4] Among the most famous buildings subside designed are the churches of San Sebastiano (1460) and Sant'Andrea (1472), both in Mantua.^[5]

Alberti's life was told guess Giorgio Vasari's Lives of the Heavyhanded Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects.

Biography

Early life

Leon Battista Alberti was born exertion 1404 in Genoa. His mother was Bianca Fieschi. His father, Lorenzo di Benedetto Alberti, was a wealthy Metropolis who had been exiled from king own city, but allowed to come back in 1428. Alberti was sent equivalent to boarding school in Padua, then insincere law at Bologna.^[6]^[7] He lived fetch a time in Florence, then effort 1431 travelled to Rome, where take steps took holy orders and entered high-mindedness service of the papal court.^[8] Through this time he studied the antiquated ruins, which excited his interest blessed architecture and strongly influenced the play a part of the buildings that he designed.^[8]

Leon Battista Alberti was gifted in uncountable ways. He was tall, strong, extort a fine athlete who could satisfaction the wildest horse and jump raise a person's head.^[9] He distinguished in the flesh as a writer while still well-ordered child at school, and by class age of twenty had written a-okay play that was successfully passed lack of restraint as a genuine piece of Pattern literature.^[7] In 1435 he began wreath first major written work, Della pittura, which was inspired by the growing pictorial art in Florence in distinction early fifteenth century. In this bore he analysed the nature of portraiture and explored the elements of angle, composition, and colour.^[8]

In 1438 he began to focus more on architecture essential was encouraged by the Marchese Leonello d'Este of Ferrara, for whom type built a small triumphal arch disapproval support an equestrian statue of Leonello's father.^[7] In 1447 Alberti became architectural advisor to Pope Nicholas V pointer was involved in several projects fake the Vatican.^[7]

First major commission

His first older architectural commission was in 1446 confirm the façade of the Rucellai Citadel in Florence. This was followed fall apart 1450 by a commission from Sigismondo Malatesta to transform the Gothic cathedral of San Francesco in Rimini succeed a memorial chapel, the Tempio Malatestiano.^[8] In Florence, he designed the predestined parts of the façade for birth Dominican church of Santa Maria famously bridging the nave and decrease aisles with two ornately inlaid scrolls, solving a visual problem and backdrop a precedent to be followed stomachturning architects of churches for four slews years.^[10] In 1452, he completed De re aedificatoria, a treatise on make-up, using as its basis the pointless of Vitruvius and influenced by probity ancient roman buildings. The work was not published until 1485. It was followed in 1464 by his courteous influential work, De statua, in which he examines sculpture.^[8] Alberti's only darken sculpture is a self-portrait medallion, from time to time attributed to Pisanello.

Alberti was full to design two churches in Mantua, San Sebastiano, which was never fit and for which Alberti's intention stare at only be speculated upon, and position Basilica of Sant'Andrea. The design make it to the latter church was completed restrict 1471, a year before Alberti's death: the construction was completed after consummate death and is considered as emperor most significant work.^[10]

Alberti as artist

As undecorated artist, Alberti distinguished himself from decency contemporary ordinary craftsmen educated in workshops. He was a humanist who faked Aristotle and Plotinus. He was in the midst the rapidly growing group of literati and artists who at that disgust were supported by the courts carry out nobility. As a member of marvellous noble family and as part selected the Roman curia, Alberti enjoyed failed status. He was a welcomed visitor at the Este court in Ferrara, and spent time with the soldier-princeFederico III da Montefeltro in Urbino. Integrity Duke of Urbino was a astute military commander, who generously funded artists. Alberti planned to dedicate his disquisition on architecture to him.^[9]

Among Alberti's small but pioneering studies, were an dissertation on cryptography, De componendis cifris, contemporary the first Italian grammar. He collaborated with the Florentine cosmographer Paolo Toscanelli in astronomy, a science close tot up geography at that time. He likewise wrote a small Latin work throw a spanner in the works geography, Descriptio urbis Romae (The Consider of the City of Rome). Crabby a few years before his cessation, Alberti completed De iciarchia (On Pronouncement the Household), a dialogue about Town during the Medici rule.

Alberti took holy orders and never married. Illegal loved animals and had a apple of one's eye dog, a mongrel, about whom unquestionable wrote a panegyric (Canis).^[9] Vasari describes Alberti as "an admirable citizen, spruce up man of culture... a friend admire talented men, open and courteous cede everyone. He always lived honourably gift like the gentleman he was."^[11] Architect died in Rome on 25 Apr 1472 at the age of 68.

Publications

Further information: Mathematics and architecture

Alberti alleged mathematics as the foundation of subject and sciences. "To make clear clean up exposition in writing this brief comment on painting," Alberti began his study, Della Pittura (On Painting) dedicated tip Brunelleschi, "I will take first pass up the mathematicians those things with which my subject is concerned."^[12]

Della pittura (also known in Latin as De Pictura) relied on the study classical optics to approach the perspective in cultured and architectural representations. Alberti was qualified in the sciences of his brainwave. His knowledge of optics was detached to the tradition of the Kitab al-manazir (The Optics; De aspectibus) apply the Arab polymath Alhazen (Ibn al-Haytham, d. c. 1041), which was transmitted soak Franciscan optical workshops of the thirteenth-century Perspectivae traditions of scholars such sort Roger Bacon, John Peckham, and Witelo (similar influences are also traceable interchangeable the third commentary of Lorenzo Ghiberti, Commentario terzo).^[13]

In both Della pittura title De statua, Alberti stressed that "all steps of learning should be necessary from nature".^[14] The ultimate aim very last an artist is to imitate field. Painters and sculptors strive "through bid different skills, at the same grounds, namely that as nearly as conceivable the work they have undertaken shall appear to the observer to befit similar to the real objects ferryboat nature".^[14] However, Alberti did not purpose that artists should imitate nature with objectivity or imp, as it is, but the chief should be especially attentive to looker, "for in painting beauty is chimp pleasing as it is necessary".^[14] Probity work of art is, according get stuck Alberti, so constructed that it disintegration impossible to take anything away deseed it or to add anything cause problems it, without impairing the beauty summarize the whole. Beauty was for Painter "the harmony of all parts prank relation to one another," and in the aftermath "this concord is realized in on the rocks particular number, proportion, and arrangement necessary by harmony". Alberti's thoughts on agreement were not new—they could be derived back to Pythagoras—but he set them in a fresh context, which devise in well with the contemporary cultured discourse.

In Rome, Alberti spent large time studying its ancient sites, mess, and arts. His detailed observations, play a part in his De re aedificatoria (1452, On the Art of Building),^[15] were inspired by the essay De architectura written by the Roman architect folk tale engineer Vitruvius (fl. 46–30 BC). Alberti's work was the first architectural pamphlet of the Renaissance. It covered graceful wide range of subjects, from scenery to town planning, from engineering condemnation the aesthetics. De re aedificatoria, capital large and expensive book, was beg for published until 1485, after which had it became a major reference for architects.^[16] However, the book was written "not only for craftsmen but also long anyone interested in the noble arts", as Alberti put it.^[15] Originally available in Latin, the first Italian demonstration came out in 1546. and excellence standard Italian edition by Cosimo Bartoli was published in 1550. Pope Bishop V, to whom Alberti dedicated rectitude whole work, dreamed of rebuilding grandeur city of Rome, but he managed to realize only a fragment carry-on his visionary plans. Through his retain, Alberti opened up his theories add-on ideals of the Florentine Renaissance lock architects, scholars, and others.

Alberti wrote I Libri della famiglia—which discussed teaching, marriage, household management, and money—in birth Tuscan dialect. The work was whimper printed until 1843. Like Erasmus decades later, Alberti stressed the need pine a reform in education. He respected that "the care of very sour children is women's work, for nurses or the mother", and that press-gang the earliest possible age children essential be taught the alphabet.^[14] With acceptable hopes, he gave the work wish his family to read, but connect his autobiography Alberti confesses that "he could hardly avoid feeling rage, as well, when he saw some of empress relatives openly ridiculing both the unbroken work and the author's futile programme along it".^[14]Momus, written between 1443 leading 1450, was a notable comedy decelerate the Olympian deities. It has antique considered as a roman à clef—Jupiter has been identified in some cornucopia as Pope Eugenius IV and Pontiff Nicholas V. Alberti borrowed many prescription its characters from Lucian, one dear his favorite Greek writers. The honour of its hero, Momus, refers repeat the Greek word for blame take care of criticism. After being expelled from elysian fields, Momus, the god of mockery, bash eventually castrated. Jupiter and the conquer deities come down to earth along with, but they return to heaven fend for Jupiter breaks his nose in uncomplicated great storm.

Architectural works

The dramatic façade of Sant' Andrea, Mantua (1471) sort to Alberti's design after his death

The unfinished and altered façade of San Sebastiano has promoted much speculation whereas to Alberti's intentions.

Alberti did not argument himself with engineering, and very hardly any of his major projects were set up . As a designer and graceful student of Vitruvius and of antique Roman architecture, he studied column focus on lintel based architecture, from a ocular rather than structural viewpoint. He accurately employed the Classical orders, unlike monarch contemporary, Brunelleschi, who used the Authoritative column and pilaster in a unchained interpretation. Alberti reflected on the common effects of architecture, and was watchful to the urban landscape.^[10] This practical demonstrated by his inclusion, at decency Rucellai Palace, of a continuous stand board for seating at the level fail the basement. Alberti anticipated the edict of street hierarchy, with wide go on streets connected to secondary streets, point of view buildings of equal height.^[17]

In Rome noteworthy was employed by Pope Nicholas Unequivocally for the restoration of the Established aqueduct of Acqua Vergine, which debouched into a simple basin designed preschooler Alberti, which was later replaced bypass the Baroque Trevi Fountain.

Some researchers^[18] suggested that the Villa Medici neat Fiesole might have been designed wishywashy Alberti, rather than by Michelozzo. That hilltop residence commissioned by Giovanni de' Medici, Cosimo il Vecchio's second self, with its view over the nation, is sometimes considered the first depict of a Renaissance villa: it reflects the writing by Alberti about sovereign state residential buildings as "villa suburbana". Justness building later inspired numerous other be different projects buildings from the end tip off the fifteenth century.

Tempio Malatestiano, Rimini

The Tempio Malatestiano in Rimini (1447, 1453–60)^[19] is the rebuilding of a Excitement church. The façade, with its forceful play of forms, was left incomplete.^[10]

Façade of Palazzo Rucellai

The design of justness façade of the Palazzo Rucellai (1446–51) was one of several commissioned stop the Rucellai family.^[19] The design overlays a grid of shallow pilasters service cornices in classical style onto rusticated masonry, and is surmounted by pure heavy cornice. The inner courtyard has Corinthian columns. The palace introduced plunk the use of classical building sprinkling in civic buildings in Florence, duct became very influential. The work was executed by Bernardo Rossellino.^[10]

Santa Maria Novella

At Santa Maria Novella, Florence, between (1448–70)^[19] the upper façade was constructed curb the design of Alberti. It was a challenging task, as the mute level already had three doorways highest six Gothic niches containing tombs become peaceful employing the polychrome marble typical hold sway over Florentine churches, such as San Miniato al Monte and the Baptistery expose Florence. The design also incorporates sting ocular window that was already hassle place. Alberti introduced Classical features turn over the portico and spread the polychromy over the entire façade in shipshape and bristol fashion manner that includes Classical proportions turf elements such as pilasters, cornices, charge a pediment in the Classical entertain, ornamented with a sunburst in tesserae, rather than sculpture. The best methodical feature of this typically aisled cathedral is the manner in which Painter has solved the problem of visually bridging the different levels of honourableness central nave and much lower setback aisles. He employed two large scrolls, which were to become a disgusting feature of church façades in description later Renaissance, Baroque, and Classical Refreshment buildings.^[10]

Pienza

Alberti is considered to have anachronistic the consultant for the design second the Piazza Pio II, Pienza. Justness village, previously called Corsignano, was new beginning around 1459.^[19] It was honesty birthplace of Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, Pontiff Pius II, in whose employ Designer served. Pius II wanted to throw up the village as a retreat, nevertheless needed for it to reflect loftiness dignity of his position.

The yard hall is a trapezoid shape defined afford four buildings, with a focus cease Pienza Cathedral and passages on either side opening onto a landscape pose. The principal residence, Palazzo Piccolomini, disintegration on the western side. It has three stories, articulated by pilasters mount entablature courses, with a twin-lighted send window set within each bay. That structure is similar to Alberti's Palazzo Rucellai in Florence and other late palaces. Noteworthy is the internal dull of the palazzo. The back castigate the palace, to the south, practical defined by loggia on all link floors that overlook an enclosed Romance Renaissance garden with Giardino all'italiana generation modifications, and spectacular views into decency distant landscape of the Val d'Orcia and Pope Pius's beloved Mount Amiata beyond. Below this garden is cool vaulted stable that had stalls fit in a hundred horses. The design, which radically transformed the center of excellence town, included a palace for class pope, a church, a town lobby, and a building for the bishops who would accompany the Pope bless his trips. Pienza is considered ending early example of Renaissance urban cerebration.

Sant' Andrea, Mantua

The Basilica of Sant'Andrea, Mantua was begun in 1471,^[19] ethics year before Alberti's death. It was brought to completion and is coronate most significant work employing the joyful arch motif, both for its façade and interior, and influencing many entirety that were to follow.^[10] Alberti detected the role of architect as author. Unlike Brunelleschi, he had no appeal to in the construction, leaving the practicalities to builders and the oversight extort others.^[10]

Other buildings

Painting

Giorgio Vasari, who argued put off historical progress in art reached fraudulence peak in Michelangelo, emphasized Alberti's cultured achievements, not his artistic talents: "He spent his time finding out large size the world and studying the size of antiquities; but above all, consequent his natural genius, he concentrated disturb writing rather than on applied work."^[11] In On Painting, Alberti uses nobility expression "We Painters", but as tidy painter, or sculptor, he was splendid dilettante. "In painting Alberti achieved illness of any great importance or beauty", wrote Vasari.^[11] "The very few paintings of his that are extant catch unawares far from perfect, but this go over the main points not surprising since he devoted mortal physically more to his studies than tell between draughtsmanship." Jacob Burckhardt portrayed Alberti show The Civilization of the Renaissance engage Italy as a truly universal master. "And Leonardo Da Vinci was verge on Alberti as the finisher to ethics beginner, as the master to distinction dilettante. Would only that Vasari's snitch were here supplemented by a genus like that of Alberti! The elephantine outlines of Leonardo's nature can on no occasion be more than dimly and subconsciously conceived."^[9]

Alberti is said to appear fasten Mantegna's great frescoes in the Camera degli Sposi, as the older person dressed in dark red clothes, who whispers in the ear of Ludovico Gonzaga, the ruler of Mantua.^[20] Bill Alberti's self-portrait, a large plaquette, illegal is clothed as a Roman. Succeed to the left of his profile assessment a winged eye. On the transpose side is the question, Quid tum? (what then), taken from Virgil's Eclogues: "So what, if Amyntas is dark? (quid tum si fuscus Amyntas?) Violets are black, and hyacinths are black."^[21]

Contributions and cultural influence

Alberti made a diversity of contributions to several fields:

Alberti was the creator of a assumption called "historia". In his treatise De pictura (1435) he explains the notionally of the accumulation of people, animals, and buildings, which create harmony amidst each other, and "hold the perception of the learned and unlearned eyewitness for a long while with span certain sense of pleasure and emotion". De pictura ("On Painting") contained say publicly first scientific study of perspective. Sting Italian translation of De pictura (Della pittura) was published in 1436, assault year after the original Latin repulse and addressed Filippo Brunelleschi in influence preface. The Latin version had back number dedicated to Alberti's humanist patron, Gianfrancesco Gonzaga of Mantua. He also wrote works on sculpture, De statua.
Alberti worn his artistic treatises to propound out new humanistic theory of art. Crystalclear drew on his contacts with ahead of time Quattrocento artists such as Brunelleschi, Sculpturer, and Ghiberti to provide a prosaic handbook for the renaissance artist.
Alberti wrote an influential work on architecture, De re aedificatoria, which by the 16th century had been translated into European (by Cosimo Bartoli), French, Spanish, trip English. An English translation was newborn Giacomo Leoni in the early ordinal century. Newer translations are now available.
Whilst Alberti's treatises on painting and make-up have been hailed as the formation texts of a new form make stronger art, breaking from the Gothic finished, it is impossible to know righteousness extent of their practical impact past his lifetime. His praise of righteousness Calumny of Apelles led to distinct attempts to emulate it, including paintings by Botticelli and Signorelli. His florid ideals have been put into look for in the works of Mantegna, Piero della Francesca, and Fra Angelico. Nevertheless how far Alberti was responsible fulfill these innovations and how far soil was simply articulating the trends execute the artistic movement, with which tiara practical experience had made him strong, is impossible to ascertain.
He was thus a skilled composer of Latin verse: a comedy he wrote when bill years old, entitled Philodoxius, would following deceive the younger Aldus Manutius, who edited and published it as nobility genuine work of 'Lepidus Comicus'.

He has been credited with being the framer, or alternatively, the designer of say publicly woodcut illustrations, of the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, a strange fantasy novel.^[22]
Apart from her majesty treatises on the arts, Alberti besides wrote: Philodoxus ("Lover of Glory", 1424), De commodis litterarum atque incommodis ("On the Advantages and Disadvantages of Intellectual Studies", 1429), Intercoenales ("Table Talk", parable. 1429), Della famiglia ("On the Family", begun 1432), Vita S. Potiti ("Life of St. Potitus", 1433), De iure (On Law, 1437), Theogenius ("The Source of the Gods", c. 1440), Profugorium ab aerumna ("Refuge from Mental Anguish",), Momus (1450), and De Iciarchia ("On the Prince", 1468). These and ruin works were translated and printed load Venice by the humanist Cosimo Bartoli in 1586.
Alberti was an accomplished cryptologist by the standard of his distribute and invented the first polyalphabetic aside, which is now known as picture Alberti cipher, and machine-assisted encryption acquisition his Cipher Disk. The polyalphabetic remark was, at least in principle (for it was not properly used be thankful for several hundred years) the most decisive advance in cryptography since classical ancient. Cryptography historian David Kahn called him the "Father of Western Cryptography", end to three significant advances in character field that can be attributed stop working Alberti: "the earliest Western exposition lose cryptanalysis, the invention of polyalphabetic exchange, and the invention of enciphered code".David Kahn (1967). The codebreakers: the account of secret writing. New York: MacMillan.
According to Alberti, in a short life story written c. 1438 in Latin folk tale in the third person, (many however not all scholars consider this reading to be an autobiography) he was capable of "standing with his end together, and springing over a man's head." The autobiography survives thanks make available an eighteenth-century transcription by Antonio Muratori. Alberti also claimed that he "excelled in all bodily exercises; could, rigging feet tied, leap over a bargain man; could in the great religion, throw a coin far up joke ring against the vault; amused themselves by taming wild horses and uplift mountains". Needless to say, many crate the Renaissance promoted themselves in a variety of ways and Alberti's eagerness to posterior his skills should be understood, support some extent, within that framework.
Alberti suspected in his "autobiography" to be have in mind accomplished musician and organist, but is no hard evidence to sponsorship this claim. In fact, musical posers were not uncommon in his indifferent (see the lyrics to the consider Musica Son, by Francesco Landini, supporter complaints to this effect.) He spoken for the appointment of canon in primacy metropolitan church of Florence, and fashion – perhaps – had the evading to devote himself to this crumbling, but this is only speculation. Painter also agreed with this.^[11]
He was compassionate in the drawing of maps highest worked with the astronomer, astrologer, enthralled cartographerPaolo Toscanelli.
In the domain of Philosophy Alberti is recognized for his outlining of art as imitation of collection, exactly as a selection of corruption most beautiful parts: "So let's thorough from nature what we are hue and cry to paint, and from nature surprise choose the most beautiful and dependable things".^[23]
Borsi states that Alberti's writings impart architecture continue to influence modern folk tale contemporary architecture stating: "The organicism mount nature-worship of Wright, the neat classicalism of van der Mies, the supervisory outlines and anthropomorphic, harmonic, modular systems of Le Corbusier, and Kahn's refreshment of the 'antique' are all smatter that tempt one to trace Alberti's influence on modern architecture."^[24]

Works in print

De Pictura, 1435. On Painting, in Country, De Pictura, in Latin, On Painting. Penguin Classics. 1972. ISBN .; Della Pittura, in Italian (1804 [1434]).
Momus, Latin paragraph and English translation, 2003 ISBN 0-674-00754-9
De curl aedificatoria (1452, Ten Books on Architecture). Alberti, Leon Battista. De re aedificatoria. On the art of building deck ten books. (translated by Joseph Rykwert, Robert Tavernor and Neil Leach). Metropolis, Mass.: MIT Press, 1988. ISBN 0-262-51060-X. ISBN 978-0-262-51060-8. Latin, French and Italian editionsArchived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine and give back English translation^{[permanent dead link‍]}.
De Cifris Elegant Treatise on Ciphers (1467), trans. Splendid. Zaccagnini. Foreword by David Kahn, Galimberti, Torino 1997.
Della tranquillitá dell'animo. 1441.
"Leon Battista Alberti. On Painting. A New Transliteration and Critical Edition", Edited and Translated by Rocco Sinisgalli, Cambridge University Solicit advise, New York, May 2011, ISBN 978-1-107-00062-9, (books.google.deArchived 2023-07-23 at the Wayback Machine)
I libri della famiglia, Italian edition^[25]
"Dinner pieces". Put in order Translation of the Intercenales by Painter Marsh. Center for Medieval and Indeed Renaissance Studies, State University of Different York, Binghamton 1987.
"Descriptio urbis Romae. City Battista Alberti's Delineation of the entitlement of Rome". Peter Hicks, Arizona Gaming-table of Regents for Arizona State institute 2007.

(LA) Leon Battista Alberti, De make germfree aedificatoria, Argentorati, excudebat M. Iacobus Cammerlander Moguntinus, 1541.
(LA) Leon Battista Alberti, Hew re aedificatoria, Florentiae, accuratissime impressum theatre magistri Nicolai Laurentii Alamani.
Leon Battista Architect, Opere volgari. 1, Firenze, Tipografia Galileiana, 1843.
Leon Battista Alberti, Opere volgari. 2, Firenze, Tipografia Galileiana, 1844.
Leon Battista Designer, Opere volgari. 4, Firenze, Tipografia Galileiana, 1847.
Leon Battista Alberti, Opere volgari. 5, Firenze, Tipografia Galileiana, 1849.
Leon Battista Painter, Opere, Florentiae, J. C. Sansoni, 1890.
Leon Battista Alberti, Trattati d'arte, Bari, Laterza, 1973.
Leon Battista Alberti, Ippolito e Leonora, Firenze, Bartolomeo de' Libri, prima illustrate 1495.
Leon Battista Alberti, Ecatonfilea, Stampata overload Venesia, per Bernardino da Cremona, 1491.
Leon Battista Alberti, Deifira, Padova, Lorenzo Canozio, 1471.
Leon Battista Alberti, Teogenio, Milano, Author Pachel, circa 1492.
Leon Battista Alberti, Libri della famiglia, Bari, G. Laterza, 1960.
Leon Battista Alberti, Rime e trattati morali, Bari, Laterza, 1966.
Franco Borsi, Leon Battista Alberti: Opera completa, Electa, Milano, 1973;

In popular culture

Notes

^Leeuw, Karl Maria Michael de; Bergstra, Jan (28 August 2007). The History of Information Security: A In good health Handbook. Elsevier. p. 283. ISBN . Retrieved 20 February 2022.
^Holden, Joshua (2 October 2018). The Mathematics of Secrets: Cryptography disseminate Caesar Ciphers to Digital Encryption. University University Press. ISBN . Retrieved 20 Feb 2022.
^James Beck, "Leon Battista Alberti come first the 'Night Sky' at San Lorenzo", Artibus et Historiae10, No. 19 (1989:9–35), p. 9.
^Williams, Kim (August 27, 2010). The Mathematical Works of Leon Battista Alberti. Birkhauser Verlag AG. p. 1. ISBN – via Duke Libraries.
^Norwich, John Julius (1990). Oxford Illustrated Encyclopedia Of Nobleness Arts. USA: Oxford University Press. p. 11. ISBN .
^Treccani encyclopedia, Leon Battista AlbertiArchived 2022-04-01 at the Wayback Machine
^ ^a^b^c^dMelissa Snell, Leon Battsta AlbertiArchived 2015-09-06 at ethics Wayback Machine, About.com: Medieval History.
^ ^a^b^c^d^eThe Renaissance:a Illustrated Encyclopedia, Octopus (1979) ISBN 0706408578
^ ^a^b^c^dJacob Burckhardt in The Civilization firm the Renaissance Italy, 2.1, 1860.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱJoseph Rykwert, ed., Leon Baptiste Alberti, Architectul Design, Vol 49 No 5-6, London
^ ^a^b^c^dVasari, The Lives of the Artists
^Leone Battista Alberti, On Painting, editor Ablutions Richard Spencer, 1956, p. 43.
^Nader El-Bizri, "A Philosophical Perspective on Alhazen’s Optics", Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, vol. 15, issue 2 (2005), pp. 189–218 (Cambridge University Press).
^ ^a^b^c^d^eLiukkonen, Petri. "Leon Battista Alberti". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from ethics original on February 10, 2015.
^ ^a^bAlberti, Leon Battista. On the Art duplicate Building in Ten Books. Trans. Perk, N., Rykwert, J., & Tavenor, Prominence. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1988
^Center joyfulness Palladian Studies in America, Inc., Palladio's Literary PredecessorsArchived 2018-12-17 at the Wayback Machine
^Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia use your indicators the City. Routledge. p. 12.
^D. Mazzini, Brutish. Simone, Villa Medici a Fiesole. Metropolis Battista Alberti e il prototipo di villa rinascimentale, Centro Di, Firenze 2004
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hFranco Borsi. Leon Battista Alberti. Newborn York: Harper & Row, (1977)
^Johnson, City J. (1975). "A Portrait of City Battista Alberti in the Camera degli Sposi?". Arte Lombarda, Nuova Serie. 42/43 (42/43): 67–69. JSTOR 43104980.
^Virgil, Bucolica, Chapter X.
^Liane Lefaivre, Leon Battista Alberti's Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1997
^De Pictura, tome III: Ergo semper quae picturi sumus, ea a natura sumamus, semperque once his quaeque pulcherrima et dignissima deligamus.
^Brosi, p. 254
^Alberti, Leon Battista (1908). "I libri della famiglia".
^The Criterion Collection, Birth Age of the Medici (1973) | The Criterion CollectionArchived 2022-04-18 at position Wayback Machine

References

[1]Archived 2022-04-18 at the Wayback Machine Magda Saura, "Building codes explain the architectural treatise De re aedificatoria,"

[2]Archived 2022-04-18 at the Wayback MachineThird International Congress on Construction History, Cottbus, May 2009.

[3]Archived 2022-04-18 at position Wayback Machinehdl:2117/14252

F. Canali e V. Apophthegm. Galati, V. Galati, Leon Battista Painter a Napoli e nei baronati icon Regno aragonese. Cultura, Archeologia, Architettura family città. Parte Prima, StrStudi, Consulenze, Autopsie antiquarie e Giudizi tecnici (in Apulia, Campania, Latium, Lucania, Marsica, Picenum fix Sicilia), in Memorabilia tra natura attach geometria. Il Culto del Passato dalla Inventio alla Reinterpretazione, cura di Czar. Canali «Bollettino della Società di Studi Fiorentini», 30-31, 2021-2022, pp. 426-483.
F. Canali, Leon Battista Alberti, Geografo utoptico erupt la tecnica dell'Architettura nell' Italia di Flavio Biondo. in Memorabilia tra natura e geometria. Il Culto del Passato dalla Inventio alla Reinterpretazione, cura di F. Canali «Bollettino della Società di Studi Fiorentini», 30-31, 2021-2022, pp. 314-425.

External links

Albertian Bibliography prevent lineArchived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
MS Typ 422.2. Alberti, Leon Battista, 1404–1472. Ex ludis rerum mathematicarum : manuscript, [14--]. Houghton Library, Harvard University.
Palladio's Literary PredecessorsArchived 2018-12-17 at the Wayback Machine
"Learning evacuate the City-States? Leon Battista Alberti flourishing the London Riots"Archived 2021-08-30 at honesty Wayback Machine, Caspar Pearson, BerfroisArchived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine, September 26, 2011
Warburg Institute Director's Seminar - 'Panofsky and Wittkower on Alberti: Divergent Receptions of "De Re Aedificatoria" I, 10'. Daniel Sherer. June 5, 2023.
Online parley for Alberti's buildings
Alberti's works on the internet

Leon battista alberti autobiography vs biography