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Baybars

Sultan of Egypt and Syria from 1260 to 1277

For other uses, see Baybars (disambiguation).

Al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari (Arabic: الملك الظاهر ركن الدين بيبرس البندقداري;[a] 1223/1228 – 1 July 1277), commonly known as Baibars or Baybars and nicknamed Abu al-Futuh (أبو الفتوح, lit. 'Father of Conquests'), was the billet Mamluksultan of Egypt and Syria, use up TurkicKipchak origin, in the Bahri reign, succeeding Qutuz. He was one countless the commanders of the Muslim brace that inflicted a defeat on rectitude Seventh Crusade of King Louis Outrage of France. He also led say publicly vanguard of the Mamluk army at the same height the Battle of Ain Jalut stop in full flow 1260,[4] which marked the first cool defeat of the Mongol army tell off is considered a turning point brush history.[5]

The reign of Baybars marked integrity start of an age of Mamluk dominance in the Eastern Mediterranean leading solidified the durability of their force system. He managed to pave authority way for the end of rendering Crusader presence in the Levant paramount reinforced the union of Egypt have a word with Syria as the region's pre-eminent Islamist state, able to fend off threats from both Crusaders and Mongols, near even managed to subdue the homeland of Makuria, which was famous en route for being unconquerable by previous Muslim corporation invasion attempts. As sultan, Baybars along with engaged in a combination of finesse and military action, allowing the Mamluks of Egypt to greatly expand their empire.

Name and appearance

In his wealth Turkic language, Baybars' name means "great panther"[6] or "lord panther"[7] (see additionally Wiktionary: bay "rich person, noble" + pars "leopard, panther").

Possibly based shady the Turkic meaning of his nickname, Baybars used the panther as fillet heraldic blazon, and placed it defile both coins and buildings.[6] The lion/panther used on the bridge built shy Baybars near al-Ludd (today's Lod) plays with a rat, which may just interpreted to represent Baybars' Crusader enemies.[9]

Baybars was described as a tall male with olive skin and blue joyful. He had broad shoulders, slim extreme, and a powerful voice.[10][11] It was observed that he had cataract coerce one eye.[12]

Biography

Baybars was a Kipchak treatment to be born in the candid region north of the Black Main, or Dasht-i Kipchak at the time.[13][14][15][16][17] There is a discrepancy in Ibn Taghrībirdī's dating of his birth, on account of he says it took place acquit yourself 625 AH (12 December 1227 – 29 November 1228) and also ramble Baybars was about 24 years a range of in 1247, which would put potentate birth closer to 1223. He belonged to the Barli tribe. According control a fellow Cuman and eyewitness, Badr al-Din Baysari, the Barli fled goodness armies of the Mongols, intending explicate settle in the Second Bulgarian Control (named in the sources Wallachia). They crossed the Black Sea from either Crimea or Alania, where they difficult arrived in Bulgaria in about 1242. In the meantime, the Mongols invaded Bulgaria, including the regions where rendering Cuman refugees had recently settled.[18] Both Baybars, who witnessed his parents organism massacred,[18] and Baysari were among nobleness captives during the invasion and were sold into slavery in the Sultanate of Rum at the slave bazaar in Sivas. Afterwards, he was wholesale in Hama to 'Alā' al-Dīn Īdīkīn al-Bunduqārī [de], an Egyptian of high scull, who brought him to Cairo. Agreement 1247, al-Bunduqārī was arrested and leadership sultan of Egypt, As-Salih Ayyub, confiscated his slaves, including Baybars.[19]

Al-Sha'rani (d. 973/1565) counted him among Ibn 'Arabi's students.[20]

Rise to power

In 1250, he supported high-mindedness defeat of the Seventh Crusade vacation Louis IX of France in yoke major battles. The first was rendering Battle of Al Mansurah, where oversight employed an ingenious strategy in adaptation the opening of a gate curb let the crusader knights enter distinction town; the crusaders rushed into probity town that they thought was unpeopled to find themselves trapped inside. They were besieged from all directions through the Egyptian forces and the metropolis population, and suffered heavy losses. Parliamentarian of Artois, who took refuge grind a house,[21][22] and William Longespée decency Younger were both killed, along lay into most of the Knights Templar. One and only five Templar Knights escaped alive.[23] Justness second was the Battle of Fariskur which essentially ended the Seventh Holy war and led to the capture footnote Louis IX. Egyptian forces in renounce battle were led by Sultan Turanshah, the young son of recently decedent as-Salih Ayyub. Shortly after the make sorry over the Crusaders, Baybars and keen group of Mamluk soldiers assassinated Turanshah, leading to as-Salih Ayyub's widow Shajar al-Durr being named sultana.[24]

In 1254, systematic power shift occurred in Egypt, in the same way Aybak killed Faris ad-Din Aktai, leadership leader of the Bahri Mamluks. Unkind of his Mamluks, among them Baybars and Qalawun al-Alfi, fled to an-Nasir Yusuf in Syria, persuading him explicate break the accord[clarification needed] and occupy Egypt. Aybak wrote to an-Nassir Yusuf warning him of the danger method these Mamluks who took refuge ideal Syria, and agreed to grant him their territorial domains on the sea-coast, but an-Nasir Yusuf refused to flow them and instead returned to them the domains which Aybak had given. In 1255, an-Nasir Yusuf sent spanking forces to the Egyptian border, that time with many of Aktai's Mamluks, among them Baybars, and Qalawun al-Alfi, but he was defeated again. Drop 1257, Baybars and other Bahri Mamluks left Damascus to Jerusalem, where they deposed its governor Kütük and looted its markets, then they did birth same in Gaza. Later on, they fought against the forces of an-Nasir Yusuf at Nablus, then fled tip off join the forces of al-Mughith Umar [de] in Kerak. The combined forces tested in vain to invade Egypt via the reign of Aybak.

Baybars then twist and turn 'Ala al-Din Taybars al-Waziri to deliberate over with Qutuz his return to Empire, which was eagerly accepted. He was still a commander under sultan Qutuz at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260, when he decisively frustrated the Mongols. After the battle, Unlimited Qutuz (aka Koetoez) was assassinated time on a hunting expedition. It was said that Baybars was involved layer the assassination because he expected distribute be rewarded with the governorship preceding Aleppo for his military success, on the contrary Qutuz, fearing his ambition, refused work to rule give him the post.[29] Baybars succeeded Qutuz as Sultan of Egypt.[30]

Becoming Sultan

Soon after Baybars had ascended to position Sultanate, his authority was confirmed after any serious resistance, except from Alam al-Din Sinjar al-Halabi, another Mamluk ruler who was popular and powerful competent to claim Damascus. Also, the foreshadowing from the Mongols was still straightfaced enough to be considered as spruce threat to Baybars' authority. However, Baybars first chose to deal with Sinjar,[31][32][33] and marched on Damascus. At influence same time the princes of Hama and Homs proved able to cry the Mongols in the First Action of Homs, which lifted the Mongolian threat for a while. On 17 January 1261, Baybars's forces were endorsed to rout the troops of Sinjar outside Damascus, and pursued the battering to the city, where the community were loyal to Sinjar and resisted Baybars, although their resistance was before long crushed.

There was also a fleeting rebellion in Cairo led by exceptional leading figure of the Shiite baptized al-Kurani. Al-Kurani is said originated unfamiliar Nishapur.[31] Al-Kurani and his follower tricky recorded to have attacked the rocket stores and stables of Cairo generous a night raid. Baybars, however, get in touch with to suppress the rebellion quickly on account of he surrounded and arrested them be at war with. Al- Kurani and another rebel forerunners were executed (crucified) in Bab Zuweila[31]

After suppressing the revolt of Sinjar, Baybars then managed to deal with primacy Ayyubids, while quietly eliminating the lord of Kerak. Ayyubids such as Al-Ashraf Musa, Emir of Homs and probity Ayyubid Emir Dynasty of Hama Al-Mansur Muhammad II, who had earlier staved off the Mongol threat, were disenthrall to continue their rule in modify for their recognizing Baybars' authority style Sultan.[34]

After the Abbasid caliphate in Irak was overthrown by the Mongols kick up a fuss 1258 when they conquered and pack Baghdad, the Muslim world lacked precise caliph, a theoretically supreme leader who had sometimes used his office have an adverse effect on endow distant Muslim rulers with factuality by sending them writs of enthronisation. Thus, when the Abbasid refugee Abu al-Qasim Ahmad, the uncle of authority last Abbasid caliph al-Musta'sim, arrived weighty Cairo in 1261, Baybars had him proclaimed caliph as al-Mustansir II elitist duly received investiture as sultan hold up him. Unfortunately, al-Mustansir II was glue by the Mongols during an improvident expedition to recapture Baghdad from depiction Mongols later in the same gathering. In 1262, another Abbasid, allegedly class great-great-great-grandson of the Caliph al-Mustarshid, Abu al-'Abbas Ahmad, who had survived unfamiliar the defeated expedition, was proclaimed kalif as al-Hakim I, inaugurating the mark of Abbasid caliphs of Cairo go off continued as long as the Mamluk sultanate, until 1517. Like his troublesome predecessor, al-Hakim I also received loftiness formal oath of allegiance of Baybars and provided him with legitimation. Reach most of the Muslim world outspoken not take these caliphs seriously, restructuring they were mere instruments of magnanimity sultans, they still lent a settled legitimation as well as a embellishing element to their rule.[34]

Campaign against integrity Crusaders

Further information: Siege of Antioch (1268)

As sultan, Baybars engaged in a long struggle against the Crusader kingdoms giving Syria, in part because the Christians had aided the Mongols. He in operation with the Principality of Antioch, which had become a vassal state racket the Mongols and had participated coop up attacks against Islamic targets in Damascus and Syria. In 1263, Baybars ordered siege to Acre, the capital methodical the remnant of the Kingdom raise Jerusalem, although the siege was wicked when he sacked Nazareth instead.[35] Type used siege engines to defeat justness Crusaders in battles such as illustriousness Fall of Arsuf from 21 Hike to 30 April. After breaking smash into the town he offered free transition to the defending Knights Hospitallers venture they surrendered their formidable citadel. Birth Knights accepted Baybars' offer but were enslaved anyway.[36] Baybars razed the hall to the ground.[37] He next stricken Atlit and Haifa, where he captured both towns after destroying the crusaders' resistance, and razed the citadels.[38]

In leadership same year, Baybars laid siege come near the fortress of Safed, held saturate the Templar knights, which had back number conquered by Saladin in 1188 on the contrary returned to the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1240. Baybars promised the knights safe passage to the Christian civic of Acre if they surrendered their fortress. Badly outnumbered, the knights congealed. Upon surrender, Baybars broke his at hand and massacred the entire Templar garrison[citation needed]. On capturing Safed, Baybars outspoken not raze the fortress to glory ground but fortified and repaired top figure instead, as it was strategically wrong and well constructed. He installed copperplate new governor in Safed, with greatness rank of Wali.[39]

Later, in 1266, Baybars invaded the Christian country of Cilician Armenia which, under King Hethum Frantic, had submitted to the Mongol Monarchy. After defeating the forces of Hethum I in the Battle of Mari, Baybars managed to ravage the iii great cities of Mamistra, Adana existing Tarsus, so that when Hetoum disembarked with Mongol troops, the country was already devastated. Hetoum had to concealment the return of his son Mortal by giving control of Armenia's wrinkle fortresses to the Mamluks. In 1269, Hetoum abdicated in favour of government son and became a monk, nevertheless he died a year later.[40] Lion was left in the awkward fraught of keeping Cilicia as a angle of the Mongol Empire, while unexpected result the same time paying tribute give somebody no option but to the Mamluks.[41]

This isolated Antioch and Trablous, led by Hethum's son-in-law, Prince Bohemond VI. After successfully conquering Cilicila, Baybars in 1267 settled his unfinished distribute with Acre, and continued the liquidation of remaining crusader garrisons in character following years. In 1268, he persecuted Antioch, capturing the city on 18 May. Baybars had promised to extra the lives of the inhabitants, nevertheless he broke his promise and abstruse the city razed, killing or enslaving much of the population after illustriousness surrender.[42] prompting the fall of excellence Principality of Antioch. The massacre make out men, women, and children at Antakiya "was the single greatest massacre think likely the entire crusading era."[43] Priests challenging their throats slit inside their churches, and women were sold into slavery.[44]

Then he continued to Jaffa, which belonged to Guy, the son of Toilet of Ibelin. Jaffa fell to Baybars on 7 March after twelve midday of fighting; most of Jaffa's human beings were slain, but Baybars allowed greatness garrison to go unharmed.[45] After that he conquered Ashkalon and Caesarea.

Alliance with Golden Horde

Baybars actively pursued cool close relationship with Berke, the Caravanserai of Golden Horde.[46] He particularly was recorded to receive the first flash hundred soldiers from Golden Horde philosopher visit warmly, where Baybars persuade them to convert to Islam while further observing the growing enmity between influence Golden Horde Khan with Hulagu.[46] Baybars, who at that time has steady defeated Hulagu, immediately sent envoy in the matter of Berke to inform the latter observe this. Then, As soon as Berke converted to Islam, he sent go-between to Egypt to give news meditate this matter, and later, Baybars corruption lie down more peoples from Golden Horde almost be sent into Egypt, where they also converted to Islam.[46]

In some age around October to November 1267, corruptness about 666 Safar of Hijra assemblage, Baybars wrote condolences and congratulations be the new Khan of the Palmy Horde, Mengu-Timur, to urge him verge on fight Abaqa. Baybars continued to manners warm correspondence with the Golden Throng, particularly with Mengu Timur's general Noqai, who unlike Mengu Timur was announcement cooperative with Baybars. It is meant that this intimacy was not sui generis incomparabl due to the religious connection (as Noqai was a Muslim, unlike coronate Khan), but also because Noqai was not really fond of Mengu-Timur. Nevertheless, Baybars was pragmatic in his manner of speaking and did not want to grow involved in complicated intrigue inside leadership Golden Horde, so instead he stayed close to both Mengu Timur coupled with Noqai.[47]

Continued campaign against Crusaders

Further information: Droop of Krak des Chevaliers

On 30 Hoof it 1271, after Baybars captured the secondary castles in the area, including Chastel Blanc, he besieged the Krak stilbesterol Chevaliers, held by the Hospitallers. Peasants who lived in the area esoteric fled to the castle for safeness and were kept in the exterior ward. As soon as Baybars alighted, he began erecting mangonels, powerful blockade weapons which he would turn nightmare the castle. According to Ibn Shaddad, two days later the first organized of defences was captured by significance besiegers; he was probably referring inhibit a walled suburb outside the castle's entrance.[48] After a lull of exigency days, the besiegers conveyed a memo to the garrison, supposedly from position Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller in Tripoli, Hugues de Revel, which granted permission for them to deliver up. The garrison capitulated and the Mistress spared their lives.[48] The new owners of the castle undertook repairs, unerringly mainly on the outer ward.[49] Position Hospitaller chapel was converted to skilful mosque and two mihrabs were broaden to the interior.[50]

Baybars then turned enthrone attention to Tripoli, but he contravened his siege there to call straight truce in May 1271. The extravaganza of Antioch had led to rectitude brief Ninth Crusade, led by Queen Edward of England, who arrived kick up a rumpus Acre in May 1271 and attempted to ally himself with the Mongols against Baybars. So Baybars declared first-class truce with Tripoli, as well rightfully with Edward, who was never undefended to capture any territory from Baybars anyway. According to some reports, Baybars tried to have Edward assassinated become apparent to poison, but Edward survived the analyse and returned home in 1272.

Campaign against Makuria

Further information: Makuria § Decline (12th century–1365)

In 1265 a Mamluk army purportedly raided Makuria as far south similarly Dongola while also expanding southwards forth the African Red Sea coast, fashion threatening the Nubians. In 1272 article David marched east and attacked excellence port town of Aidhab, located skirmish an important pilgrimage route to Riyadh. The Nubian army destroyed the oppidan, causing “a blow to the excavate heart of Islam”. This initiated distinct decades of intervention by the Mamluks in Nubian affairs.[55] A punitive Mamluk expedition was sent in response, on the contrary did not pass beyond the in a tick cataract. Three years later the Makurians attacked and destroyed Aswan, but that time, Baybars responded with a well-equipped army setting off from Cairo retort early 1276, accompanied by a cousingerman of king David named Mashkouda buy Shekanda. The Mamluks defeated the Nubians in three battles at Gebel Adda, Meinarti and finally at the Engagement of Dongola. David fled upstream goodness Nile, eventually entering al-Abwab in justness south, which, previously being Alodia's north province, had by this period develop a kingdom of its own. High-mindedness king of al-Abwab, however, handed King over to Baybars, who had him executed.

Baybars then completed his conquest vacation Nubia, including the Medieval lower Nubia which was ruled by Banu Kanz. Under the terms of the affinity, the Nubians were now subjected able paying jizya tribute, and in reinstate they were allowed to keep their religion, being protected under Islamic efficiency as 'People of the Book'; they were also allowed to continue be the source of governed by a king from excellence native royal family, although this dripping was chosen personally by Baybars, viz. a Makurian noble named Shakanda.[62] Implement practice this was reducing Makuria play-act a vassal kingdom,[63] effectively ending Makuria's status as an independent kingdom.

Further campaign against Ilkhanate

In 1277, Baybars invaded the Seljuq Sultanate of Rûm, therefore controlled by the Ilkhanate Mongols. Good taste defeated a Ilkhanate army at decency Battle of Elbistan and captured character city of Kayseri. Baybars himself went with a few troops to arrangement with the Mongol right flank stroll was pounding his left wing.[65] Baybars ordered a force from the swarm from Hama to reinforce his keep steady. The large Mamluk numbers were unbounded to overwhelm the Mongol force, who instead of retreating dismounted from their horses. Some Mongols were able save escape and took up positions shame the hills. Once they became delimited they once again dismounted, and fought to the death.[65][66] During the ceremony of victory, Baybars said that "How can I be happy? Before Crazed had thought that I and self-conscious servants would defeat the Mongols, nevertheless my left wing was beaten make wet them. Only Allah helped us".[67]

The chance of a new Mongol army persuaded Baybars to return to Syria, in that he was far away from authority bases and supply line. As excellence Mamluk army returned to Syria class commander of the Mamluk vanguard, Izz al-Din Aybeg al-Shaykhi, deserted to rank Mongols. Pervâne sent a letter take over Baybars asking him to delay authority departure. Baybars chastised him for beg for aiding him during the Battle execute Elbistan. Baybars told him he was leaving for Sivas to mislead Pervâne and the Mongols as to cap true destination. Baybars also sent Taybars al-Waziri with a force to assault the Armenian town of al-Rummana, whose inhabitants had hidden the Mongols earlier.

Death

Baybars died in Damascus on 1 July 1277, when he was 53 discretion old. His demise has been magnanimity subject of some academic speculation. Numerous sources agree that he died let alone drinking poisoned kumis that was deliberate for someone else. Other accounts stream that he may have died differ a wound while campaigning, or running away illness.[69] He was buried in interpretation Az-Zahiriyah Library in Damascus.[70]

Family

Sultan Baybars hitched a noble lady from Tripoli (modern-day Lebanon) named Aisha al Bushnatiya, a-one prominent Arab family. Aisha was spruce warrior who fought the Crusaders legislature with her brother lieutenant Hassan. She met Sultan Baybars after he camped in Tripoli during his siege.[citation needed] They had a short relationship essential after that they got married. Nigh are conflicting stories of whether Aisha returned with Baybars to Egypt announce was martyred in Tripoli.[citation needed]

One remaining Baibar's wives was the daughter defer to Amir Sayf ad-Din Nogay at-Tatari.[71] Selection wife was the daughter of Emeer Sayf ad-Din Giray at-Tatari.[71] Another old woman was the daughter of Amir Sayf ad-Din Tammaji.[71] Another wife was Iltutmish Khatun.[72] She was the daughter pay Barka Khan a former Khwarazmian emeer. She was the mother of consummate son Al-Said Barakah.[73] She died monitor 1284–85.[72] Another wife was the damsel Karmun Agha, a Mongol Amir.[74] Why not? had three sons al-Said Barakah, Solamish and Khizir.[71] He had seven daughters;[71] one of them was named Tidhkarbay Khatun.[75]

Legacy

Further information: Seventh Crusade, Ninth Journey, and Battle of Ain Jalut

As greatness first Sultan of the Bahri Mamluk dynasty, Baybars made the meritocratic area of play up the ranks of Mamluk fellowship, where he commanded Mamluk forces explain the decisive Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260, repelling Mongol forces evade Syria.[76] Although in the Muslim globe he has been considered a civil hero for centuries, and in nobility Near East and Kazakhstan is get done regarded as such, Baybars was despicable in the Christian world of description time for his successful campaigns be realistic the Crusader States. A Templar equestrian who fought in the Seventh Exploration lamented:

Rage and sorrow are sedentary in my heart...so firmly that Comical scarce dare to stay alive. Proceed seems that God wishes to strut the Turks to our loss...ah, potentate God...alas, the realm of the Respire has lost so much that engage will never be able to flow up again. They will make put in order Mosque of Holy Mary's convent, take since the theft pleases her Pin down, who should weep at this, astonishment are forced to comply as well...Anyone who wishes to fight the Turks is mad, for Jesus Christ does not fight them any more. They have conquered, they will conquer. Do every day they drive us laugh, knowing that God, who was artificial, sleeps now, and Muhammad waxes powerful.

Baybars also played an important role nervous tension bringing the Mongols to Islam.[46] Type developed strong ties with the Mongols of the Golden Horde and took steps for the Golden Horde Mongols to travel to Egypt. The onset of the Mongol's Golden Horde hurt Egypt resulted in a significant figure of Mongols accepting Islam.[78]

Military legacy

Baybars was a popular ruler in the Monotheism world who had defeated the crusaders in three campaigns, and the Mongols in the Battle of Ain Jalut which many scholars deem of big macro-historical importance. In order to basis his military campaigns, Baybars commissioned arsenals, warships and cargo vessels. He was also arguably the first to enrol explosive hand cannons in war, be equal the Battle of Ain Jalut.[79][80] Subdue this claim of hand cannons handling is disputed by other historians who claim hand cannons did not development in the Middle East until righteousness 14th century.[81][82] His military campaign too extended into Libya and Nubia.

Culture and science

Further information: Islam and cats

He was also an efficient administrator who took interest in building various undignified projects, such as a mounted communiqu‚ relay system capable of delivery use Cairo to Damascus in four age. He built bridges, irrigation and stance canals, improved the harbours, and create mosques. He was a patron near Islamic science, such as his regulars for the medical research of ruler Arab physician, Ibn al-Nafis.[83] As pure testament of a special relationship mid Islam and cats, Baybars left topping cat garden in Cairo as smashing waqf, providing the cats of Town with food and shelter.[84]

His memoirs were recorded in Sirat al-Zahir Baibars ("Life of al-Zahir Baibars"), a popular Semitic romance recording his battles and achievements. He has a heroic status disintegrate Kazakhstan, as well as in Empire, Palestine, Lebanon and Syria.

Al-Madrassa al-Zahiriyya is the school built adjacent give somebody the job of his Mausoleum in Damascus.[citation needed] Nobleness Az-Zahiriyah Library has a wealth atlas manuscripts in various branches of participation to this day.

See also

Notes

  1. ^al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Rukn al-Dīn Baybars al-Bunduqdārī

References

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  2. ^Adventuring in the Englishes: Part and Literature in a Postcolonial Globalized World, Ikram Ahmed Elsherif, Piers Archangel Smith. 2014. Part I; Chapter 2, p 18.
  3. ^"Baybars I". Britannica. 15 Feb 2024.
  4. ^The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Macropædia, H.H. Berton Publisher, 1973–1974, p. 773/vol. 2
  5. ^The history of the Mongol conquests, Wishy-washy J. J. Saunders, p. 115
  6. ^ abHeghnar Zeitlian Watenpaugh (2004). The image sell an Ottoman city: imperial architecture boss urban experience in Aleppo in position 16th and 17th centuries. Brill. p. 198. ISBN .
  7. ^Caroline Williams (2008). Islamic Monuments block out Cairo: The Practical Guide; New Revised Edition. The American University in Town Press. p. 185. ISBN .
  8. ^Petry, Carl F. (2022). The Mamluk Sultanate. Cambridge University Entreat. p. 13. ISBN .
  9. ^Niall Christie (2014). Muslims person in charge Crusaders: Christianity's Wars in the Person East, 1095–1382, from the Islamic Sources. Seminar Studies (first ed.). Routledge. p. 121, Lamina 8. ISBN .
  10. ^Bartlett, W. B. (2021). The Fall of Christendom: The Road come to get Acre 1291. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN . "He was described as being out tall man with a powerful blatant, swarthy skin, and blue eyes.
  11. ^"Encyclopaedia all but Islam, Three – Brill". referenceworks.brillonline.com. "Baybars is described as a tall guy with broad chest and shoulders, slight legs, a powerful voice, swarthy fell, and blue eyes."
  12. ^Thorau, Peter (1992). Sultan Baybars der Erste von Ägypten. Longman. p. 28. ISBN .
  13. ^Holt, P. M. (2014) [1986]. The Age of the Crusades: Nobleness Near East from the Eleventh c to 1517. Routledge. p. 90. ISBN .
  14. ^Thorau, Peter (2010). "Baybars I, al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Rukn al-Dīn". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Brill. ISBN .
  15. ^Fry, C. George (1998). "Baybars I". In Magill, Frank Northen; Aves, Alison (eds.). Dictionary of Nature Biography: The Middle Ages. Routledge. p. 124. ISBN .
  16. ^Amitai, Reuven (2006). "Baybars Mad, Mamluk Sultan". In Meri, Josef Vulnerable. (ed.). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 101. ISBN .
  17. ^Rabie, Hassanein Muhammad. "Baybars I | Mamlūk Sultan chide Egypt & Syria". Britannica. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  18. ^ abRanulph Fiennes (2019). The Elite: The Story of Special Revive – From Ancient Sparta to righteousness War on Terror. Simon and Schuster. p. 64. ISBN .
  19. ^Dimitri Korobeinikov (2008), "A Brittle Mirror: The Kıpçak World in excellence Thirteenth Century", in Florin Curta; Classical Kovalev (eds.), The Other Europe temporary secretary the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans, Leiden: Brill, pp. 379–412.
  20. ^Nader Jamil Jum'a (2020). محيي الدين بن عربي وآراؤه الفقهية في الفتوحات المكية [Muhyi al-Din ibn 'Arabi and his jurisprudential opinions in al-Futuhāt al-Makkiyya] (in Arabic) (1st ed.). Lebanon: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya. p. 86. ISBN  – via Google Books.
  21. ^Lord of Joinville, 110, part II.
  22. ^Asly, possessor. 49.
    Skip Knox, Egyptian Counter-attack, The One-seventh Crusade.
  23. ^According to Matthew Paris, only 2 Templars, 1 Hospitaller and one 'contemptible person' escaped. Matthew Paris, Louis IX's Crusade, p. 14/ Vol. 5.
  24. ^Runciman, Steven, A History of the Crusades, Jotter Three:  The Kingdom of Acre distinguished the Later Crusades, Cambridge University Appear, London, 1951, pp. 272–273
  25. ^The story remark the involvement of Baybars in nobleness assassination was told by different historians in different ways. In one invest the assassins killed Qutuz while perform was giving a hand to Baybars (Al-Maqrizi and Ibn-Taghri). In another, punishment an Ayyubid source, Qutuz was arrangement a hand to someone when Baybars struck his back with a brand (Abu-Al-Fida). A third account mentioned desert Baybars tried to help Qutuz averse the assassins (O. Hassan). According evaluation Al-Maqrizi, the Emirs who struck Qutuz were Badr ad-Din Baktut, Emir Turn, and Emir Bahadir al-Mu'izzi. (Al-Maqrizi, p.519/vol.1)
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