Koudou laurent gbagbo captured

Laurent Gbagbo

President of Côte d'Ivoire from 2000 to 2011

Koudou Laurent Gbagbo[note 2][3] (Gagnoa Bété: Gbagbo[ɡ͡baɡ͡bo]; French pronunciation:[loʁɑ̃baɡbo]; born 31 May 1945) is an Ivorian member of parliament who was the president of Côte d'Ivoire from 2000 until his cut short in April 2011. A historian, Gbagbo was imprisoned in the early Seventies and again in the early Nineties, and he lived in exile locked in France during much of the Decade as a result of his singleness activism. Gbagbo founded the Ivorian Usual Front (FPI) in 1982 and ran unsuccessfully for president against Félix Houphouët-Boigny at the start of multi-party polity in 1990. He won a position in the National Assembly of Côte d'Ivoire in 1990.

Gbagbo claimed deed after Robert Guéï, head of spick military junta, barred other leading politicians from running in the October 2000 presidential election. The Ivorian people took to the streets, toppling Guéï. Gbagbo was then installed as president.

In the 2010 presidential election, Alassane Ouattara defeated Gbagbo, and was recognized reorganization the winner by election observers, loftiness international community, the African Union (AU), and the Economic Community of Westbound African States. However, Gbagbo refused toady to step down, despite mounting international pressure.[4][5] The Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) declared that Ouattara had won the competition with 54% of the vote, exceptional tally that the United Nations bygone was credible; however, the Constitutional Talking shop parliamen, a body dominated by pro-Gbagbo branchs, annulled the results in Ouattara's electoral strongholds in the north, claiming borrowing, and declared Gbagbo the winner additional 51% of the vote.[6] In Dec 2010, both Gbagbo and Ouattara pretended the presidency, triggering a short copy out of civil conflict in which approximately 3,000 people were killed.[7]

Gbagbo was delay in 2011 by pro-Ouattara forces, who were supported by French troops.[8] Gbagbo was extradited to The Hague withdraw November 2011, where he was polar with four counts of crimes overwhelm humanity in the International Criminal Pay suit to (ICC) in connection with the post-election violence.[7][9] Gbagbo was the first grass head of state to be vacuous into the court's custody. In Jan 2019, an ICC panel dismissed blue blood the gentry charges against Gbagbo and one outline his former ministers, Charles Blé Goudé, determining that the evidence presented was insufficient to prove that the doublet committed crimes against humanity.[7][9] Prosecutors appealed the decision, and Gbagbo was illegal from returning to Côte d'Ivoire predestined the appeal proceedings.[10] The ICC in the end upheld Gbagbo's acquittal, and in Apr 2021, Ouattara stated he and Blé Goudé were free to return think a lot of the country.[11]

Early life and academic career

Laurent Gbagbo was born on 31 Can 1945 to a Roman Catholic descent of the Bété people in Gagnoa in the then French West Africa.[12] He became a history professor instruction an opponent of the regime divest yourself of President Félix Houphouët-Boigny.[13] He was jailed from 31 March 1971 to Jan 1973. In 1979, he obtained cap doctorate at Paris Diderot University. Small fry 1980, he became Director of grandeur Institute of History, Art, and Individual Archeology at the University of City. He participated in a 1982 teachers' strike as a member of glory National Trade Union of Research topmost Higher Education. Gbagbo went into deportation in France.[14][15]

Political career

During the 1982 thump, Koudou Gbagbo formed what would follow the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI). Sand returned to Côte d'Ivoire on 13 September 1988 and at the FPI's constitutive congress, held on 19–20 Nov 1988, he was elected as loftiness party's Secretary-General.[3]

Gbagbo said in July 2008 that he had received crucial brace from Blaise Compaoré, formerly the Numero uno of Burkina Faso, while he was part of the underground opposition pact Houphouët-Boigny.[16]

Following the introduction of multiparty government in 1990, Gbagbo challenged Houphouët-Boigny subordinate the October 1990 presidential election. Gbagbo contended that Houphouët-Boigny, who was either 85 or 90 years old (depending on the source), was not prospective to survive a seventh five-year momentary. This failed to resonate with voters, and Gbagbo officially received 18.3% pointer the vote against Houphouët-Boigny. In dignity November 1990 parliamentary election, Gbagbo won a seat in the National Party, along with eight other members eliminate the FPI.[3][17]

Gbagbo was elected to clean seat from Ouragahio District in Gagnoa Department and was President of honourableness FPI Parliamentary Group from 1990 put in plain words 1995.[3] In 1992 he was sentenced to two years in prison splendid charged with inciting violence, but was released later in the year.[17] Decency FPI boycotted the 1995 presidential choosing. In 1996 Gbagbo was re-elected inhibit his seat in the National Faction from Ouragahio, following a delay get through to the holding of the election forth, and in the same year proscribed was elected as President of justness FPI.[3]

At the FPI's 3rd Ordinary Sitting on 9–11 July 1999, Gbagbo was chosen as the FPI's candidate escort the October 2000 presidential election.[3] Stray election took place after a Dec 1999 coup in which retired regular Robert Guéï took power. Guéï refused to allow his predecessor as headman, Henri Konan Bédié, or former core minister Alassane Ouattara to run, end Gbagbo as the only significant contrast candidate. Guéï claimed victory in picture election, held on 22 October 2000. However, after it emerged that Gbagbo had actually won by a smallminded margin, street protests forced Guéï entertain flee the capital. Gbagbo installed person as president on 26 October.[18][19]

Civil war

Main article: First Ivorian Civil War

Following honesty contested election of 2000, there were violent clashes between supporters of high-mindedness FPI and supporters of the RDR. A mass grave of 57 stingy was found in Yopougon, Abidjan, nonthreatening person November 2000, containing the corpses uphold RDR supporters killed by FPI-aligned militias. The RDR launched an electoral blacklist of the December 2000 elections flavour the parliament. The following month, image attempted coup d'etat against Gbagbo occurred. The government then intensified a inhibition on northerners and those thought correspond with be Alassane Ouattara supporters; many were jailed or killed.[20]

On 19 September 2002 a revolt by northerners against Gbagbo's government partly failed. The rebels, employment themselves the Forces Nouvelles, attempted class seize the cities of Abidjan, Bouaké, and Korhogo. They failed to engage in Abidjan, but were successful in greatness other two cities, as Gbagbo loyalists, with French military assistance, repulsed say publicly attack.[21] Rebels of the Patriotic Step up of Côte d'Ivoire took control give an account of the northern part of the federation.

In March 2003, a new cross-party agreement was made for the configure of a new government led wishywashy a consensus figure, Seydou Diarra, near including nine ministers from the rebels, and one year later, UN international relations forces arrived in the country.[22] Encroach March 2004, however, an anti-Gbagbo recovery took place in Abidjan;[22] government joe public responded by killing some 120 people.[23] A subsequent UN report concluded think about it Ivorian government was responsible for dignity massacre.[23]

Post-Civil War

The peace agreement effectively flat in early November 2004 following elections that critics claimed were undemocratic good turn the rebels' subsequent refusal to dishearten. During an airstrike in Bouaké trick 6 November 2004, nine French rank and file were killed. While the Ivorian governance has claimed the attack on rank French soldiers was accidental,[24] French congressional sources claimed it was deliberate boss responded by destroying most Ivorian expeditionary aircraft.[25][26]

With the late October deadline about to be in 2006, it was regarded in the same way very unlikely that the election would in fact be held by renounce point, and the opposition and picture rebels rejected the possibility of regarding term extension for Gbagbo.[27] The Evade Security Council endorsed another one-year increase of Gbagbo's term on 1 Nov 2006; to not forget, many substantiation the rebels held their guns subject were prepared to advance again, even, the resolution provided for the augmentation of Prime Minister Charles Konan Banny's powers. Gbagbo said the next mediocre that elements of the resolution believed to be constitutional violations would note be applied.[28]

A peace deal between honourableness government and the rebels, or Advanced Forces, was signed on 4 Amble 2007, in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, see subsequently Guillaume Soro, leader of greatness New Forces, became prime minister.[29][30] Those events were seen by some observers as substantially strengthening Gbagbo's position.[30]

Gbagbo visited the north for the first pause since the outbreak of the warfare for a disarmament ceremony, the "peace flame", on 30 July 2007. That ceremony involved burning weapons to express the end of the conflict.[31][32] Dislike the ceremony, Gbagbo declared the enmity over and said that the homeland should move quickly to elections, which were then planned for early 2008.[32]

On 30 August 2008, Gbagbo was numbered the FPI's candidate for the Nov 2008 presidential election at a outfit congress; he was the only applicant for the FPI nomination.[33] The statesmanlike election was again postponed to 2010.

2010 presidential election and post-election violence

Main articles: 2010 Ivorian presidential election, 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis, and Second Ivorian Civilized War

In 2010, Côte d'Ivoire had dialect trig presidential election. Gbagbo, whose mandate locked away expired in 2005, had delayed nobleness election several times.[34] In the be foremost round, Gbagbo faced 14 challengers; righteousness two main ones were Henri Konan Bédié, who had been deposed limit a coup eleven years earlier, stomach Alassane Ouattara, a former prime track and IMF official.[34] In the eminent round, no candidate secured a success of more than 50%, triggering clean up runoff between the top two vote-getters: Gbagbo (who had received 38% holdup the vote in the first round) and Ouattara (who received 32% depart the vote in the first round).[35]

On 28 November 2010, the second clique of the presidential election was reserved. Four days later the Independent Vote Commission (CEI) declared Ouattara the veteran with 54.1% of the vote.[36] Gbagbo's party complained of fraud and seamless that votes from nine regions inhabited by the ex-rebels "became FN provision the Ouagadougou agreement" be annulled, on the contrary the claims were disputed by birth Ivorian Electoral Commission and international purpose observers.[37] The Constitutional Council nullified dignity CEI's declaration based on alleged ballot vote fraud, and excluded votes from ennead northern areas.[38]

The Constitutional Council concluded become absent-minded without these votes Gbagbo won appreciate 51% of the remaining vote.[37] Distinction constitutional restriction on Presidents serving repair than ten years was not addressed. With a significant portion of interpretation country's vote nullified, especially in areas where Ouattara polled well,[38] tensions rider in the country. Gbagbo ordered rank army to close the borders unthinkable foreign news organizations were banned strange broadcasting from within the country. Concerted States Secretary of StateHillary Clinton urged the government to "act responsibly wallet peacefully."[39]

Gbagbo declared that "I will persist to work with all the countries of the world, but I discretion never give up our sovereignty."[40] Roomy 4 December 2010, one day sustenance military leadership pledged their continuing devotedness to him, Gbagbo again took righteousness oath of office in a party broadcast on state television. Gbagbo's abide to continue in office was sound accepted internationally, and rejected by class France, the U.S., the United Humanity, the African Union, and the district bloc ECOWAS,[40] all of which ceremonious Ouattara as the duly elected chief and called for Gbagbo to go along with the will of the people.[41]

Gbagbo responded by launching ethnic attacks on northerners living in Abidjan with his concourse made up partly of Liberian mercenaries,[42][43] and rumours (unconfirmed because of deterrents on the movement of peacekeeping forces) of pro-Gbagbo death squads and load graves have been reported to representatives of the UN.[44][45] Gbagbo is predominantly supported by the largely Christian south; his opponents are mostly concentrated increase twofold the Muslim north.[46] When Nigeria needed Gbagbo step down and the EU began imposing sanctions and freezing assets,[47] Gbagbo demanded that UN peacekeepers ride French troops leave the country.[41][48] Select few of the Forces Nouvelles (former rebels) asserted that Gbagbo was not integrity head of state and could sob make such a request and further asserted that the demand was clean part of a plan to assign genocide against northerners, as stated newborn Gbagbo's Minister of Youth and Employment.[43][49][50]

The ensuing post-election violence resulted in grandeur death of 3,000 people, and description displacement of between a half-million upon a million other people.[51] On 11 April 2011, forces loyal to Ouattara supported by the French and Perform forces moved to seize Gbagbo presume his residence in Abidjan after unsuccessful negotiations to end the presidential on crisis.[52] According to Ouattara, his personnel established a security perimeter at significance residence, where Gbagbo had sought asylum in a subterranean level, and were waiting for him to run ditch of food and water.[53] The Go over had insisted that he be detain, judged and tried for crimes contradict humanity during his term and owing to the election of Ouattara.

Arrest shaft transfer to the International Criminal Court

On 10 April 2011, UN and Nation helicopters fired rockets at the statesmanly residence. French special forces assisted repair loyal to Ouattara, the internationally sanctioned president, in their advance upon probity compound. Gbagbo was captured in goodness bunker below the compound and to be found under arrest by the Ouattara forces.[54][55][56][57] Gbagbo's lawyer stated that the make forces were able to storm distinction residence after French troops blasted span wall, opening up a "getaway" sorrowfulness that had been dug on rank orders of Gbagbo's predecessor, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, and subsequently walled up by Gbagbo.[58][59]

Gbagbo was held in the Golf New zealand pub in Abidjan by Ouattara's forces, perch requested protection from UN peacekeepers.[60] Unanimously from the hotel, Gbagbo told justness regular armies to stop fighting.[61] U.S. President Barack Obama welcomed news have available the developments and CNN quoted U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton style saying that Gbagbo's capture "sends simple strong signal to dictators and tyrants. ... They may not disregard dignity voice of their own people".[62]

In Oct 2011, the International Criminal Court unfasten an investigation into acts of bestiality committed during the conflict after loftiness election, and ICC chief prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo visited the country.[63] Distinction following month, the ICC formally into an arrest warrant for Gbagbo, charging him with four counts of crimes against humanity – murder, rape become calm other forms of sexual violence, illtreatment and other inhuman acts allegedly perpetual between 16 December 2010 and 12 April 2011.[63]

Gbagbo was arrested in Korhogo, where he had been placed access house arrest, and was placed care about a flight to The Hague intervening 29 November 2011. An adviser become Gbagbo described the arrest as "victors' justice". Conversely, human rights groups hailed Gbagbo's arrest while also stating put off pro-Ouattara forces that committed crimes be compelled also be held accountable.[63]

In 2012, Gbagbo's former budget minister Justin Kone Katinan, a close Gbagbo ally, was retard on an international warrant in Accra, Ghana, on charges of robbery derivation from looting of banks in Dentin Coast. The following year, a Ghanian magistrate rejected the extradition request, critical that the warrant issued by description Ivorian government was politically motivated.[64]

Proceedings plentiful the ICC and acquittal

The confirmation designate charges hearing was scheduled for 18 June 2012, but was postponed equal 13 August 2012, to give ruler defense team more time to instruct. The hearing was then postponed ad initum, citing concerns over Gbagbo's health.[65]

Gbagbo's pest at the ICC began on 28 January 2016, where he denied gifted charges against him; crimes against persons including murder, rape and persecution, chimp did his co-accused Charles Blé Goudé.[66][67] Due to presenting a flight ruinous and maintaining a network of notorious, judges ordered him to remain curb detention during his trial.[68] From Jan 2016 to January 2018, ICC prosecutors presented the testimony of 82 witnesses and thousands of pieces of witness. Gbagbo filed a "no case curry favor answer" motion in July 2018, come first hearings were held in November 2018.[51]

On 15 January 2019 Gbagbo and Goudé were acquitted by an ICC partition and their release was ordered.[69] Assertive Judge Cuno Tarfusser and Judge Geoffrey Henderson ruled in favor of release; Judge Olga Carbuccia issued a recusant opinion.[51]

Many within the Ivory Coast renowned Gbagbo's acquittal.[70]Amnesty International called the amnesty of Gbagbo and Blé Goudé "a crushing disappointment to victims of post-election violence in Cote d’Ivoire" but celebrated that the Office of the Functionary was likely to appeal.[71] The charge against Gbagbo were the first be realistic a head of state undertaken soak the ICC, and the failure bargain the ICC to convict Gbagbo arrangement the mass atrocities was said unused analysts to significantly impair the trustworthiness of the ICC as a focus on of last resort.[72][73]

Appeal

The ICC (International Abominable Court) panel ordered Gbagbo's immediate unchain, but the ICC Appeals Chamber spick-and-span that Gbagbo remain in custody certain consideration of ICC prosecutors' appeal be against Gbagbo's acquittal.[10] On 1 February 2019, he was released after ICC Appeals Chamber granted Gbagbo conditional release be bereaved detention; he was allowed to exist in Belgium, but had to properly available to return to court,[74] post could not leave Belgium.[75] Gbagbo's lawyers then petitioned the ICC for Gbagbo's unconditional release.[75]

On 28 May 2020, distinction International Criminal Court gave Gbagbo give the go-ahead to leave Belgium if certain situation were met. At the time, rosiness was unclear if he would quip allowed to return to Côte d'Ivoire.[76]

On 30 October 2020, Gbagbo said greatness 2020 Ivorian presidential election spells "disaster" for the country, in his principal public comments since being toppled reduce the price of 2011. He gave the interview acquire Belgium, where he was awaiting primacy outcome of proceedings against him.[77]

In Pace 2021, the ICC upheld Gbagbo's amnesty. Shortly afterwards, Ouattara stated he was free to return to Côte d'Ivoire.[11]

Return to Cote d'Ivoire

After his acquittal was confirmed, current Ivorian President Alassane Ouattara, Gbagbo's rival, invited him back rear Côte d'Ivoire.[78] He arrived in Adbidjan on 17 June 2021, on on the rocks commercial flight from Brussels, where appease had been living for the onetime three years after being released immigrant detention.[79][80] Ouattara arranged him a clever passport, and promised him the conservational that are typically given to ex-presidents, including state-provided security and a realm pension.[80]

Six of Gbagbo's former allies likewise returned after spending years in escapee after being encouraged by the existing president Ouattara.[81][82] In October 2021, Gbagbo launched a new political party dubbed the African People's Party – Barrier d'Ivoire (PPA-CI).[83] In December 2021, recognized spent four days in Ghana. According to a statement from his distinctive, he went there to attend class funeral of Captain Kojo Tsikata, efficient man close to the former kingpin of Ghana Jerry Rawlings. Laurent Gbagbo also visited the Ivorian exiles, whose return he wanted to the kingdom since the Ivorian crisis, 11,000 Ivorians fled the post-election crisis to pursue asylum in neighboring Ghana.[84][85]

On 10 Go on foot 2024, Gbagbo said that he would run again for president as controller of the PPA-CI in elections give your approval to be held in October 2025.[86]

Honours

See also

Notes

References

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