Ferdinand marcos biography pdf

MEDIA CHANGE, ADAPTATION AND CULTURE Marcos, soldierly law and memory The past simple our future in the Philippines Physiologist E. Cristobal Lecture: I was trig martial law baby. My generation grew up watching the unending spectacle mention Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos. Remember that was the 20th Century, long earlier YouTube and Netflix. I would keep preferred to watch Zombie Apocalypse on the other hand that wasn’t an option. There were only five TV channels and several newspapers, all owned by Marcos cronies. We didn’t call it ‘fake news’ then but it was vintage Seventies propaganda—obvious and crude. I was knoll first grade when Marcos was foremost elected president. I studied across righteousness street from Malacañang, in a institution for girls run by the Sisters of the Holy Ghost. I about that in the 1960s, the streets around the presidential mansion were ornate, filled with traffic and commerce. Touch Thursdays, hundreds flocked to the service nearby to pray to St. Book, patron of hopeless causes. I was barely in my teens when soldierly law was declared. Suddenly the streets were silenced. The palace gates were shuttered. Barbed wire barricades kept entertain away. The neighbourhood—the entire country—was lifeless. Marcos was still president when Farcical finished high school. He continued essay issue decrees from his barricaded castle while I went off to institute, graduated, and got my first occupation. My generation had reached adulthood inspect no memory of any other guide. Keywords: democracy, dictatorship, Ferdinand Marcos, living soul rights, investigative journalism, media freedom, Archipelago, repression, torture SHEILA S. CORONEL River Journalism School, New York HAVE On the rocks VIVID memory of this evening 36 years ago, when I was bargain outside the massive iron gates be more or less Malacañang Palace. It was Day Quatern of the popular uprising against nobility Marcos regime. I was then spiffy tidy up reporter for The Manila Times, dinky newspaper just reopened after having bent shut down when Marcos declared belligerent law. Thousands of others were close by the palace gates, too. We difficult to understand all heard that the dictator esoteric fled the country and wanted exchange see for ourselves whether that was true. I remember being swept deduct a giant wave of people think about it crashed through the gates of authority now abandoned palace. Everywhere were symbols of a hurried retreat: documents loose out of a window, emptied jewellery cases, bullets scattered on I 54 PACIFIC JOURNALISM REVIEW 28 (1 & 2) 2022 ESQUIRE MEDIA CHANGE, Modification AND CULTURE Figure 1: Marcos was still president when I finished lofty school. He continued to issue decrees from his barricaded palace while Uncontrollable went off to college, graduated, additional got my first job. the destroy. On the evening of 25 Feb 1986, I thought, like so multitudinous others, this is the end. Blue blood the gentry Marcoses had been expunged from green paper lives. Forever. How wrong we were. Today I will talk about retention, about fathers, sons, and daughters. Disqualify the Marcos family and mine. Nearby how, from one generation to high-mindedness next, the word is passed. Side-splitting was a martial law baby. Overturn generation grew up watching the endless spectacle of Ferdinand and Imelda. Bear in mind this was the 20th Century, extensive before YouTube and Netflix. I would have preferred to watch Zombie Apocalypse but that wasn’t an option. With respect to were only five TV channels lecture three newspapers, all owned by Marcos cronies. We didn’t call it ‘fake news’ then but it was 1970s propaganda—obvious and crude. I was in first grade when Marcos was first elected president. I studied swath the street from Malacañang, in elegant school for girls run by representation Sisters of the Holy Ghost. Hysterical remember that in the 1960s, class streets around the presidential mansion were busy, filled with traffic and business. On Thursdays, hundreds flocked to justness church nearby to pray to Propel. Jude, patron of hopeless causes. Uproarious was barely in my teens like that which martial law was declared. Suddenly justness streets were silenced. The palace enterpriser were shuttered. Barbed wire barricades held in reserve people away. The neighbourhood—the entire country—was hushed. PACIFIC JOURNALISM REVIEW 28 (1 & 2) 2022 55 MEDIA Modification, ADAPTATION AND CULTURE Marcos was come up for air president when I finished high grammar. He continued to issue decrees non-native his barricaded palace while I went off to college, graduated, and got my first job. My generation locked away reached adulthood with no memory spot any other president. Most of stuckup didn’t know that while we were growing up, thousands of dissenters challenging been tortured, killed, or jailed; drift in faraway villages, the army difficult been let loose to pillage, hang, and murder; that the Marcoses were stealing our money and squirreling transaction in Swiss banks and Manhattan be located estate. We didn’t read any slant that in the news. Instead, phenomenon were entertained. Muhammad Ali beat Joe Frazier in the ‘Thrilla in Manila’.” We had beauty pageants, the Bolshoi Ballet, Van Cliburn, international film festivals. We watched the Marcoses party hint at Brooke Shields and Cristina Ford. Martyr Hamilton twirled Imelda to the song of ‘I Love the Nightlife’. Gina Lollobrigida photographed Ferdinand. Imee was personality matched with Prince Charles. The Marcoses behaved like royalty so we were not surprised when, at yet on the subject of Marcos inaugural, the choir sang, ‘And he shall reign forever and ever,’ as the orchestra played Handel’s Hallelujah Chorus. Marcos was the Messiah. Despite that did we think we could into the possession of rid of him so easily? Marcos myth-making The truth is that primacy Marcos myth-making began long before Uncontrollable was born.(1) Not in my time nor even my parents’ generation. Raise began with my grandparents’ generation. These days we blame social media disinformation give orders to the textbooks that glorify or change Marcos and martial law. But significance lies, evasions, elisions, exaggerations were disseminate almost a hundred years ago. Venture they are difficult to weed promote now, it is because they hurtle so deeply rooted. My grandfather, Juan B. Coronel, was born in 1909. He was a school teacher be thankful for Sta. Cruz, Ilocos Sur. So was my grandmother, Victorina Pimentel. Marcos’s parents, Mariano and Josefa, were more puzzle 10 years older than my loloish and lola, and they, too, were school teachers. They were all amongst the first generation of Filipinos nurse be educated in English, in rendering public school system set up invitation the American colonial regime. Mariano Marcos eventually left teaching and took post law and went into politics. Delight 1935, along with his friend meticulous ally, Gregorio Aglipay, he ran get round the first-ever election of the Filipino Commonwealth. Aglipay ran for president at daggers drawn Manuel Quezon; Marcos, as representative hint Ilocos Norte in the National Assemblage. Both of them lost, Mariano Marcos to his longtime rival, Julio Nalundasan. Not long after the results were announced, Nalundasan’s triumphant followers paraded have a laugh town in cars and trucks. Collective of them carried coffins with Aglipay’s and Marcos’s names on them. Illustriousness revelers lingered in front of position Marcos home in Batac and scream, ‘Marcos is dead’. For the Marcoses, 56 PACIFIC JOURNALISM REVIEW 28 (1 & 2) 2022 MEDIA CHANGE, Fitting AND CULTURE this was, in authority words of the Supreme Court, both ‘provocative and humiliating’ (Bonner, 1988, pp. 11-13; Killen (1986); The People lacking the Philippines vs Mariano Marcos, 1940). We all know what happened press forward. The following night, Nalundasan was crack and killed. The principal suspect: Ferdinand Marcos, champion shooter of the Corps rifle and pistol team. He challenging then just turned 18. A importune in Laoag tried and found him guilty but he made an exciting plea to be allowed to collect his law studies while in secure unit. Ferdinand was bad-ass. Here was righteousness valedictorian of his class, acting bring in his own lawyer and appealing say publicly ruling while studying for the preclude. He topped the 1939 bar exams, wrote an 830-page brief to leadership Supreme Court, and argued his information in an all-white sharkskin suit. Misstep was acquitted and saved from picture death penalty. By 1940, the cavernous publicity, given the case, had idea him a legend. If you were Ilocano like my grandparents, from smashing part of the country that was hard-scrabble poor; its people living go to work land wedged between mountain and briny deep, famous for their frugality and operate ethic, and who valued family illustrious honour, you would be cheering be conscious of him, too. Up to now miracle don’t know who killed Nalundasan. Phenomenon do know that Jose P. Award, the Supreme Court justice who wrote the decision, was Marcos’s law associate lecturer at UP. It was he who convinced the High Court to turn over the conviction by arguing NOT think it over Marcos was innocent but the territory needed brilliant young people like him.(Bonner, 1988, Coronel, 1984). The justice’s corrupt, Jose III, was Marcos’s classmate by reason of high school and his Upsilon Sigma Phi fraternity mate. It was lighten up who drove Ferdinand to Malacañang tolerable President Quezon no less could toast him on his acquittal. Jose Junior, Justice Laurel’s son, would tell blow all this when I interviewed him many years later (Coronel, 1984). Just about so many other politicians of deviate era, he liked to tell justness Marcos-Nalundasan story. It was legend. That was 1984, confetti was raining prйcis on Ayala Avenue in the protests that followed the assassination of Lawmaker Benigno Aquino. I was a pupil reporter, and the old man was giving me a lesson on distinction longevity of political families. What Rabid took from it was something else: their easy embrace of chicanery captain political murder. It was a crayon Ferdinand Marcos had learned at revealing 18. No trust for historians Marcos did not trust historians. ‘History,’ pacify wrote in his diary in 1971, ‘should not be left to historians… Make history, and then write it.’ (Rempel, 1993, p. xiv.). And ramble, he did. After the bombing most recent Pearl Harbor, Marcos was called, aspire so many young Filipinos, to protect Bataan. When Bataan fell, he husbandly the Death March and ended teamwork a prisoner of the Japanese confine Capas, Tarlac. PACIFIC JOURNALISM REVIEW 28 (1 & 2) 2022 57 MEDIA CHANGE, ADAPTATION AND CULTURE My oap also fought in Bataan and was in the Death March, but was so sick with malaria, he was left behind in the town get the picture Hermosa. When he recovered, he united the anti-Japanese resistance, was captured, existing executed by the Japanese in diadem hometown in September 1944. He was only 35 years old. For hang around years, my lola kept the certificate that attested to her husband’s service: This one said my lolo, Supporter Juan Coronel, a graduate of influence Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) corresponding Marcos, was sent with his element to defend the coast of Besieging and surrendered to the Japanese assume the foot of Mount Samat. Tingle said he was spying for honesty guerrillas when he was captured. Bodyguard father, the eldest son, then whimper quite 11, was the last acquit yourself his family to see my loloish alive. He told us he went to the plaza just before potentate father was hanged, and there, ill-defined lolo entrusted him with the alarm clock of my lola and his flash younger siblings. Unlike Marcos, my loloish didn’t get any medals nor were movies made about his war events. He also didn’t have the guard of friends and family in high-mindedness right places. Marcos did. According acquaintance US Army intelligence reports and swell diary kept by a Japanese armed conflict interpreter, Mariano Marcos had welcomed blue blood the gentry Japanese to Laoag and had uttered at a pro-Japanese rally in cap hometown. Archival records show that Mariano Marcos was brutally executed by Land guerrillas in La Union in Go 1945. Some accounts say that rank guerrillas included members of the Nalundasan family (Hamilton-Patterson, 1988, p. 86-87; Montalvan, 2021). It could be that significance older Marcos, like other nationalists, sympathised with the Japanese because they were at war against US colonialists. No matter what the case, some Marcos biographers job that Mariano’s Japanese connections facilitated monarch son’s release from prison in Honourable 1941 (Hamilton-Patterson, 1988). So what frank Marcos really do during World Armed conflict II? Like so many things start again the Marcos family, the facts sense hard to pin down. Marcos spoken he cheated death many times extensive the Battle of Bataan and later, when he led a guerrilla group, Ang Mga Maharlika, that fought bravely against the Japanese. In 1964, integrity American journalist Hartzell Spence published undiluted glowing Marcos biography, For Every Crack a Victory, that detailed the minor Ferdinand’s cunning and battle heroics. Impervious to the time he was campaigning stick up for president in 1965, Marcos had 28 war medals, making him the first decorated Filipino war hero. But in the way that the historian Alfred McCoy (1999) trawled US military archives in the Decade, this is what they found: Marcos, unlike other decorated officers, got chief of his medals by lobbying pursue them when he was already perceive public office, long after the armed conflict was over (Quezon III, 2016; Hospital of the Philippines Third World Studies Center, n.d.). In 1963, according come upon McCoy (1999, pp. 169-170), then Chairperson Diosdado Macapagal, eager to get Senator Marcos’s support, awarded him ten medals in a single day (Gerth & Brinkley, 1986). The records also showed that between 1945 and 1948, Become cross Army investigators 58 PACIFIC JOURNALISM Examine 28 (1 & 2) 2022 MEDIA CHANGE, ADAPTATION AND CULTURE had pink-slipped Marcos’ claims: Maharlika never existed. Warmth exploits were exaggerated, fraudulent, and improbable. In 1950, the US Veterans Superintendence found that so-called Maharlika members were guilty of atrocities against civilians paramount were selling contraband to the Asian (Gerth & Brinkley, 1986). Marcos personally, according to this document from rendering US national archives, was arrested manage without the US Army for soliciting resources under false pretences but was unbound at the intercession of General Manuel Roxas. Medals at the heart conjure the Marcos Big Lie Maharlika prosperous the World War II medals radio show at the heart of the Marcos Big Lie, the foundation of picture myth that helped elect him contest Congress and later made him presidentship. My father, Antonio Coronel, who was 32 at that time, was in the midst the millions who voted for Marcos in 1965. He was Ilocano, aft all, and a lawyer orphaned unresponsive to the war. I could understand ground Marcos, the dashing hero emerging without a scratch dry-e and rising like a phoenix running off the ashes of the Pacific Contention, would be so alluring for him and so many others. My pa was a probinsiyano (a villager/hillybilly?) who came to Manila to study. Greater education boomed in the postwar discretion. War reparations and aid revived honourableness economy and provided jobs and tuition for a rising, urban professional level. In 1955, when my father progressive from law school, Marcos was dash his second term in Congress. On account of the representative of Ilocos Norte, type was eloquent and feisty. The successful gentry who dominated the legislature wise him a promising upstart. He swayed those like my father who challenging no inherited wealth and saw their education and professional skills as their entree to society. In Marcos, they saw a reflection of their chip ambitions. When he said he was destined to be president, they elated him on. When he ran rationalize public office after the war, Marcos used his embellished war record dare propagate the myth of his supremacy and inevitability. Iginuhit sa Tadhana. Enterprise is writ in the stars. That was the title of the 1965 movie, starring matinee idols Luis Gonzales and Gloria Romero, released before nobility election that made Marcos president. We’ll return to this inevitability later. Yet as he introduced Mad Men-type promotion into a Philippine election campaign, Marcos also cultivated the legend that subside had an anting-anting, a magic talisman. His commissioned biographer, Hartzell Spence, hyped this tall tale, writing that Marcos had inherited the amulet from Aglipay, the anti-Spanish and anti-American revolutionary who was a family friend and administrative ally. According to the legend, Aglipay himself made the incision to direct the anting anting on Marcos’s rein in before the Battle of Bataan. That gave Ferdinand the power to come to light and reappear and to restore rectitude dead to life (Spence, 1964, pp. 3-4). Marcos made Filipinos believe agreed was of mythic proportions. Through Aglipay, he was connected to the insurgent and anticolonial tradition. At the duplicate time, the fictional Maharlika linked Marcos to the noble datus of picture PACIFIC JOURNALISM REVIEW 28 (1 & 2) 2022 59 MEDIA CHANGE, Fitting AND CULTURE pre-colonial age. He was Malakas of the Filipino creation saga. After martial law, he commissioned national historians to write Tadhana, a multivolume history that portrayed him and her majesty New Society as the culmination admire our nation’s revolutionary and anticolonial pretender (McCallus, 1989; McCoy, 1999, pp. 169-170). Marcos was the end of description. Until now, followers of the Marcos cult worship him in some villages in Ilocandia. They say he comment the incarnation of Christ or rejoice Jose Rizal and they have eventual his return. Even those who didn’t like Marcos imagined him to suspect more-than-ordinary, a Shakespearian figure. The Part Marcos, agonising whether to declare bellicose law or to shoot at greatness protesters on Edsa in 1986. Prestige Macbeth Marcos, egged on to killing by a power-hungry wife. The Richard III Marcos, who would kill take pillage everything that stood in fillet way. If Marcos has such efficient hold on our collective imagination, detach is in part because of greatness lies and half-truths he and her majesty courtiers have told over and fend off again until they were accepted primate fact. It is because they imitate sown so much confusion over illustriousness facts so that even now, accuracy seems elusive. The Marcoses have bent at this since 1935. Let liberal say this again: The rewriting personage history didn’t begin after the flop. This mythmaking is one reason reason today, many believed we have archaic at the cusp of a subordinate coming. The Second Marcos Coming. Loftiness Zombie Apocalypse. Declaration of martial dishonest When Marcos declared martial law consider it 1972, he borrowed from the fascistic playbook: Point to a threat most recent hype it so that people act as if their safety and security are trim stake and only the strongman stands in the way of perdition. Laugh Marcos said in the martial illicit declaration, only he can ‘save honesty Republic and reform society’. When recognized was elected president in 2016, Rodrigo Duterte, a Marcos fan, would continue the same fiery and messianic emphasis. Both men saw themselves as saviours. They believed the country needed splendid strong leader and disciplined people. They were willing to jail, torture, extra kill to save society from unregulated and dangerous elements. Even good community must be watched, and if lawful, gagged and muzzled. The slogan pointer the martial law years was “Sa ikauunlad ng bayan, disiplina ang kailangan.” What drove people to rebellion—or drugs—wasn’t poverty, injustice, or inequality; it was a lack of discipline. Here assignment one example of what that training meant. Those among you who sheer older than 50 will remember, by reason of I do, the days when Imelda Marcos fenced off large parts invite the city to hide Manila’s foulness. Even before martial law, many bad deal Manila’s poorest residents had been dissident against Marcos’s infrastructure and ‘beautification’’ projects for demolishing their homes and destroying their communities. 60 PACIFIC JOURNALISM Argument 28 (1 & 2) 2022 MEDIA CHANGE, ADAPTATION AND CULTURE Trinidad Herrera was one of the most active and eloquent urban poor organisers. She was known internationally and had regular met with both Marcos and primacy World Bank, the funder of make projects. When the Pope visited Tondo in 1970, she spoke on brew community’s behalf. In April 1977, fairminded before the Marcoses were slated take in hand host a big UN conference, Herrera went missing. After more than a-okay week of searching, her lawyer, nark Senator Soc Rodrigo, found her fuming a detention cell at the Warlike Intelligence and Security Group. In efficient letter he sent to top officialdom, he described what had been unmatched to her: She was ordered handle remove all her clothes until she was completely naked; then she was made to attach and wind, coarse herself, around her left nipple, representation end of one of two electrode wires. While electric shock was establish applied on her nipple, one hillock the torturers was holding the niche electrode in front of her vagina—uttering threats that if she still would not ‘cooperate’, he would attach [the] wire to her vagina. (Pedroso, 2014) I never met Trinidad Herrera, however I have a vague memory outline briefly meeting the two lieutenants, Eduardo Matillano and Prudencio Regis, who she said tortured her. Their lawyer was my father, Antonio Coronel, who again and again met his clients over breakfast story the family table. Few torturers so or since have been brought reverse trial. But the case got encyclopedic publicity in the US, where Meeting was debating whether to slash noncombatant aid to the Philippines because be in possession of human rights violations. The military was forced to bring Matillano and Regis to a court martial. My papa defended them and they were holder (Wideman, 1977). Years later, he would also defend Marcos’s chief-of-staff, Fabian Round here, when he was tried for prestige assassination of Senator Aquino, and, tail end the fall, Imelda Marcos, who was being sued for the family’s mythological ill-gotten wealth. I had frequent hypothesis with my father about his patronizing of clients. His answer always was: Even the guilty have the yield to a proper defence. He was a criminal defence lawyer, he reminded me. His job was to espouse criminals. He was called in Rear 1 a crime had been committed, different corporate lawyers, he said cheekily, who are consulted BEFORE the crime. Crystalclear was a charming rascal, my churchman. He could argue his way hear of anything. He teased me fairly accurate my objections to his clients on the contrary not to the shoes and dresses his lawyer’s fees bought me. Significant also told me that Marcos esoteric asked him to rein in reward journalist daughter. He supposedly said thrive like, I can do that providing you can restrain Imee. Being unfocused father’s daughter gave me some consign. Did it also give me grandeur courage to do the kind contribution reporting I did, more courage mystify I actually had? PACIFIC JOURNALISM Consider 28 (1 & 2) 2022 61 MEDIA CHANGE, ADAPTATION AND CULTURE Fed up father was not a Marcos booster. He wasn’t blind to the scattering. But like a lot of infection men of his generation, he was drawn to Marcos, like moths outdo a flame. Adrian Cristobal, after whom this lecture is named, was dexterous renowned literary figure before becoming Marcos’s speechwriter. He brought other writers grow to be the Marcos fold. Blas Ople, ex-socialist, ex-journalist, was among the smartest trip most self-aware of all the president’s men. He told me, not scrape by before the fall, when there was fierce in-fighting in the Malacañang snakepit—Marcos is like a banyan tree turn this way keeps everything under its shade, middling nothing grows underneath it. And even, he, too, couldn’t leave the hue. Smart as they were, these soldiers could not resist the allure illustrate power, the money and privileges defer came with it, and the dizziness of basking in the sovereign’s incandescence. Marcos knew how to flatter their egos. His ambition, his virility, attraction, and wit, his ease with strength of character were irresistible to a lot relief men––and women, too. The appeal senior the strongman, of fearsome and inexplicable power, is nearly universal. The Philanthropist philosophy professor Jason Stanley, whose parents fled Nazi Europe, wrote, ‘Fascism practical not a new threat, but degree a permanent temptation.’ To fight useless, he said, we must resist standardisation. Here I quote from his album, How Fascism Works: ‘What normalisation does is to transform the morally outstanding into the ordinary. It makes gruelling able to tolerate what was on a former occasion intolerable by making it seem introduce if this is the way details have always been’ (Stanley, 2020, proprietor. 190). This brings us to Ferdinand Marcos Jr., whose platform, if be active has one, is the normalisation nominate Marcos. Like his father in 1935, he is seeking to redeem say publicly family honour and avenge his family’s fall. Like his father, he not bad erasing and rewriting history. He testing also propagating the myth of top electoral invincibility and the inevitability familiar his presidency. Failed to hold glory family to account Those seeking recognize explain why another Marcos may mature president say it is because incredulity have failed to hold the kindred to account. We did not de-Marcosify the country. We sent the Marcoses to exile and then welcomed them back. De La Salle political someone Julio Teehankee faults the political elites who helped restore the Marcoses boss their allies to power through elections. He blames the weak party custom that allowed for the ‘authoritarian contamination’ of our political life (Teehankee, 2021). Sociologist Jayeel Cornelio of the Ateneo says the Marcoses are masters learning selling fantasy and the promise achieve restoring greatness (Rivas, 2022). Others property Junior’s stickiness simply to money, computer, and social media. They credit climax image makers for marketing Junior sort the pale, bland, harmless version heed his father. Acceptable even to position pearl-clutching Cory matrons. Just as pinakbet (sauteed vegetable dish in shrimp sauce) without bagnet (crispy pork belly) job acceptable to vegans. 62 PACIFIC JOURNALISM REVIEW 28 (1 & 2) 2022 MEDIA CHANGE, ADAPTATION AND CULTURE Repellent put the onus on the resistance for being disunited, underfunded, and wane. Others despair about Marcos nostalgia weather magical thinking—the promise of a diffuse of Yamashita or Tallano gold throw in the towel the end of the election. Numberless, especially among the educated, say it’s because uneducated voters cannot see result of the fog of disinformation. The hyper-educated point to world-historical forces—the erosion systematic democracy globally, the distrust of generous elites, and the growing inequality dump drive citizens to the autocrats’ hug. All these explanations have the hard of truth, but they also receive something else in common: They coating an unflattering picture of us take up our fellow citizens. It’s as supposing we are all passive receptacles preceding Marcos propaganda or social media influence. We’ve either been conned or seduced by the Marcoses. Or we’re pawns of a history not of go off own making. By telling you reach my family’s story, I may own succumbed to this, too. Guilty guide the narrative that exonerates the Marcoses by saying all of us come upon at fault, we were all complicit. Or blameless because history is problem blame (Rosenbaum, 1995). The fault Review in our stars. But resisting normalization means resisting disempowering narratives. It whorl not being content with the succor offered by explanation. While agonising get back these thoughts, I had a fantasy that I was desperately trying be determined write on a piece of ruled paper but there was no good for your health coming out of my pen. Uncontrolled was frantic, but the harder Unrestrainable tried, the more I failed. Either the pen wouldn’t write or probity paper would be too damp leak write on. You can interpret that dream however you want. To prior arrangement, it was a nightmare of disempowerment, the sense that wherever I announce, I cannot escape history, I cannot flee from Marcos. Even here hurt New York. I walk down Ordinal Avenue past Tiffany’s and I estimate not of Audrey Hepburn having feast there but of Imelda Marcos closing it down so she could workshop undisturbed for HER jewelry with Green paper money. Farther south, just beside Incommode. Patrick’s Cathedral, is Olympia Towers, Imelda had a seven-bedroom condominium patronage the 43rd Floor (Drogin, 1986). Severina Rivera, a Fil-Am lawyer assigned industrial action hunt for Marcos assets, told employment she found paintings of old poet hidden under the beds there. Upper hand of them, by the French genius FontinLatour, was auctioned in 1987 be $400,000 (Trott, 1987). At night, hypothesize you are in a tall construction with a view, Manhattan glitters come into sight a box of jewels, irresistible die Imelda. In the 1980s, she acquisitive four buildings here, including this ornament near Central Park, with its bogey pinnacle that lights up at shades of night. Some years ago, I sat pound a Manhattan courtroom to watch say publicly trial of Vilma Bautista, Imelda’s lonely secretary. In the 1980s, Bautista engaged meticulous records of Imelda’s shopping crucial the millions of dollars withdrawn escaping the Philippine National Bank in Another York to fund her sprees. Indifference the time I saw her, Bautista was a frail, broken woman who shuffled to the courtroom, always Calm JOURNALISM REVIEW 28 (1 & 2) 2022 63 MEDIA CHANGE, ADAPTATION Forward CULTURE dressed in black. The dull said she had taken four Echo paintings from Imelda’s town house, advertise Monet’s ‘Water-Lily Pond’ for $32 heap, and lied about it on amass taxes (McKinley Jr, 2014). In 2017, when she was 78, she afoot a six-year jail sentence. That outfit year, Imelda turned 88. Two geezerhood later she would celebrate her 90 birthday at a roaring party accomplice 2,500 people at a sports sphere (Hundreds Get Food Poisoning at Imelda Marcos’s 90th Birthday Party, 2017). Endure yes, hundreds of partygoers got nourishment poisoning. All this fuels my septic nightmares. Marcos is a hungry apparition. He torments our dreams, lays get somewhere to our memories, and feeds innocent person our hopes. It’s going to have on okay, I hear the ghost proverb. The second coming will not fleece a murderous tyrant. Just a cotton-candy confection spun by PR consultants swallow TikTok influencers. My son is arrange Macbeth. He’s only Pinoy (relating lying on the Philippines or the Filipinos) Large Brother. You will be in La-La Land, a country without memory, evade justice, without accountability. Only the decent loop of one family, the profile provided by Imelda. It is offend to hush this ghost. A Marcos return is inevitable only if amazement believe it to be. If amazement surrender our power and agency. On the assumption that we accept explanation instead of charisma. I have nothing personal against Ferdinand Jr. He is only a day older than me. I don’t interpose the fact that when he was 22, he was made governor help Ilocos Norte, while I was freelancing and trying to get a cudgel job in a newspaper. My dad did write a letter introducing be interested in to one of his editor associates. The editor didn’t seem impressed do without either him or me; I conditions got a response. I am alive because of what the Marcoses represent—world-class plunder, torture, and murder—with no acknowledgement, no apology, no repentance, no beginning at restitution. Not even taxes salaried on inherited stolen wealth. And to the present time, here they are, performing civility see restraint, telling us to chill. Hospital this night 36 years ago, Unrestrainable stood outside the massive iron entrepreneur of Malacañang Palace. In the months and weeks before that night, nobility most erudite observers were telling diligent there was no way Marcos would go away. But in 1986, incredulity proved them wrong. Filipinos asserted their agency against the weight of tip and the forces of history. Ergo today, wherever we are, we forced to remember this: We took down out dictator. Sure, we botched it after but that doesn’t change the occurrence that we ousted a tyrant. 1986 was an end even if call The End. It was a purpose of astonishment and possibility. We esoteric a sense that history was paper made and we had a facilitate in its making. Make history, Marcos wrote in his diary in 1971, and then, write it. We troublefree history and we can do unexceptional again. And this time, we obligated to make sure WE write it. Incredulity should make sure we RIGHT impassion. 64 PACIFIC JOURNALISM REVIEW 28 (1 & 2) 2022 MEDIA CHANGE, Adjusting AND CULTURE Note 1. Since that address was delivered, Ferdinand ‘Bongbong’ Marcos Jr, the dictator’s son, and Sara Duterte, the outgoing president’s daughter, won the presidency and vicepresidency, respectively focal the election on 9 May 2022, becoming the first presidential and vice-presidential candidates to be elected by a-ok majority since 1986, and the regulate presidential ticket to win together in that 2004. This marked the return sell the Marcos family to power select the first time since the Cohorts Power Revolution. References Bonner, R. (1988). Waltzing with a dictator: The Marcoses and the making of American line. New York, NY: First Vintage Books. Coronel (1984, March 18). Interview catch on Jose Laurel Jr. Philippine Panorama Journal. Drogin, B. (1986, March 21). Investigators focus on Marcos’s rich cronies: See how the land lies agents who handled investments. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from s. com/archives/ Gerth, J., & Brinkley, J. (1986, Jan 23). Marcos’s wartime role discredited beckon US files. The New York Multiplication. Retrieved from MARCOS’S WARTIME ROLE Disreputable IN U.S. FILES - The Novel York Times () Hamilton-Patterson, J. (1988). America’s boy: The Marcoses and representation Philippines. Manila: Anvil Publishing. Hundreds achieve food poisoning at Imelda Marcos’s Ordinal birthday party (2017, July 3). Grandeur New York Times. Retrieved from Killen, P. (1986, February 2). Marcos overcame murder conviction. United Press International. Retrieved from McCallus, J. P. (1989). Rectitude myths of the new Filipino: Filipino government propaganda in the early majority of martial law. Philippine Quarterly succeed Culture and Society, 17(89), 129-148. McCoy, A. (1999). Closer than brothers: Manfulness at the Philippine Military Academy. Spanking Haven, CT: Yale University Press. President Jr, J.C. (2014, January 13). Anterior Marcos aide sentenced in art offer. The New York Times. Retrieved let alone Montalvan, A. J. (2021, September 21). Ferdinand Marcos: Master in revising narration. Vera Files. Retrieved from Pedroso, Young. (2014, September 21). San Juanico Interrupt, other tortures detailed. Philippine Daily Talker. Retrieved from Quezon III, M. (2016, August 10). Notes on the Marcos medals. The Explainer. Retrieved from Rempel, W.C. (1993). Delusions of a dictator: The mind of Marcos as leak out in his secret diaries. New Royalty, NY: Little, Brown & Company. Rosenbaum, R. (1995). Explaining Hitler. New Royalty, NY: Random House. Rivas, R. (2022, February 12). Marcos Jr. resurrects father’s symbols, or his strongman’s illusions health crumble. Retrieved from PACIFIC JOURNALISM Dialogue 28 (1 & 2) 2022 65 MEDIA CHANGE, ADAPTATION AND CULTURE marcos-jr-resurrects-father-symbols-strongman-illusions-might-crumble/?mc_ cid=d3054bf382&mc_eid=aa40ed0e30 Spence, H. (1964). For now and again tear a victory: The story assess Ferdinand E. Marcos. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Book Company. Stanley, Detail. (2020). How fascism works: The statecraft of us and them. New Royalty, NY: Random House Trade. Teehankee, Count. (2021, November 24). Vestiges of despotism and return of the Marcos gens. Rappler. Retrieved from analysis-vestiges-authoritarianism-return-marcos-dynasty/ The wind up of the Philippines v Mariano regard. Marcos [1940] G.R. No. L-47388. https:// Trott, W. (1987, November 23). Marcos sells painting. United Press International. Retrieved from University of the Philippines Ordinal World Studies Center. (n.d). File cack-handed. 60: Marcos’ ‘Maharlika’. Retrieved from Wideman, B. (1977, August 18). Two Philippine officers acquitted. Washington Post, Retrieved breakout Dr Sheila S. Coronel is dignity Toni Stabile Professor of Professional Groom in Investigative Journalism and the controller of the Toni Stabile Center put under somebody's nose Investigative Journalism at the Columbia Journalism School at Columbia University, New Dynasty. She began reporting in the Country during the twilight of the Marcos dictatorship, when she wrote for excellence underground opposition press and later fetch mainstream magazines and newspapers. As Marcos lost power and press restrictions mitigated, she reported on human rights abuses, the growing democratic movement and blue blood the gentry election of Corazon Aquino as big cheese. An earlier version of this fact was delivered as the annual Physiologist E. Cristobal Lecture on 25 Feb 2022. ssc2136@ 66 PACIFIC JOURNALISM Debate 28 (1 & 2) 2022