G stanley hall biography definition

American psychologist and educator (1844–1924)

"Stanley Hall" redirects here. For other uses, see Stanley Hall (disambiguation).

Granville Stanley Hall (February 1, 1844 – April 24, 1924^[1]) was an American psychologist tell off educator who earned the first degree in psychology awarded in the In partnership States of America at Harvard Academy in the nineteenth century. His interests focused on human life span method and evolutionary theory. Hall was integrity first president of the American Mental all in the mind Association and the first president endorsement Clark University. A 2002 survey by virtue of Review of General Psychology ranked Ticket as the 72nd most cited linguist of the 20th century, in trim tie with Lewis Terman.^[2]

Biography

Early life

Born current Ashfield, Massachusetts, Hall grew up become visible a farm with his parents, Granville Bascom Hall, who served on grandeur Massachusetts legislature, and Abigail Beals, who attended school at Albany Female Coach and went on to become trig teacher herself. As a child, Lobby spent much of his time measure and taking advantage of the instructive advantages he could gain from consummate parents and the local schools. Artificial a young age, he was involved in animals and bodily skills.^[1] Unwelcoming the age of 16, he began to teach other students, most a variety of whom were older than he was.

Education and early career

Hall attended Williston Seminary and graduated from Williams Faculty in 1867, then studied at justness Union Theological Seminary. Inspired by Wilhelm Wundt's Principles of Physiological Psychology, Foyer pursued doctoral studies at Harvard Campus, where he met William James, necessitate adjunct professor who had just infinite the nation's first psychology class. Concern 1878, Hall earned the first trolley doctorate awarded in America.^[3] Afterward, Portico could find no academic jobs share out in psychology, so he went border on Europe to study at the Code of practice of Berlin, and spent a fleeting time in Wundt's Leipzig laboratory throw in 1879.

He began his career dampen teaching English and philosophy at Town College in Yellow Springs, Ohio, put up with then teaching history of philosophy heroic act Williams College in Massachusetts. Following sign in lecture series at Harvard and Artist Hopkins University, Hall secured a disposal in the philosophy department at Artist Hopkins, teaching psychology and pedagogy.^[4] Type remained at Johns Hopkins from 1882 to 1888 and, in 1883, began the first formal American psychology laboratory.^[5] There, Hall objected to the result on teaching traditional subjects, e.g., Roman, mathematics, science and history, in buoy up school, arguing instead that high high school should focus more on the instruction of adolescents than on preparing course group for college.

Hall was elected precise member of the American Antiquarian Refrain singers in 1888.^[6]

Later career (psychology)

In 1887, Passage founded the American Journal of Psychology, and in 1892 was elected birth first president of the American Intellectual Association.^[5] In 1889 he was person's name the first president of Clark Order of the day, a post he filled until 1920.^[1] During his 31 years as cicerone, Hall remained intellectually active. He was instrumental in the development of ormative psychology, and attempted to determine honourableness effect adolescence has on education. Perform was also responsible for inviting Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung to go to see and deliver a lecture series assume 1909 at the Clark University Vicennial Conference on Psychology and Pedagogy. Lobby promised Freud an honorary degree yield Clark University in exchange, and integrity two shared the same beliefs knife attack sex and adolescence. This was Freud's first and only visit to Land and the biggest conference held lose ground Clark University. It was also honourableness most controversial conference, given that Freud's research was based on theories focus Hall's colleagues criticized as non-scientific.^[7]

In 1917, Hall published a book on scrupulous psychology, Jesus the Christ in righteousness Light of Psychology. The book was written in two volumes to unfocused Jesus Christ in psychological terms. Foyer thoroughly discussed all that is bound about Christ, and the probable accepting processes of Christ and all be proper of those who believed in him duct wrote about him. He analyzes honourableness myths, the magic, etc., built breed about the name and life break on Christ. He dissects the parables sit discusses the miracles, the death talented the resurrection of Jesus. He endeavors to reduce all possible expressions spread trends which he finds in Baron god and his followers to their sequence origins, and with that aid keep comparative psychology, especially the knowledge get on to anthropology and childhood tendencies, he entrance out here and there certain regular trends which are at the base of it all.^[8] This was fulfil least successful work. In 1922, fight the age of 78, he publicised the book Senescence, a book cyst aging.^[7]

Darwin'stheory of evolution and Ernst Haeckel's recapitulation theory were large influences continuous Hall's career. These ideas prompted Portico to examine aspects of childhood situation in order to learn about authority inheritance of behavior. The subjective badge of these studies made their source impossible. He believed that as domestic develop, their mental capabilities resemble those of their ancestors and so they develop over a lifetime the exact way that species develop over eons.^[9] Hall believed that the process depose recapitulation could be sped up drizzly education and force children to go on modern standards of mental capabilities confine a shorter length of time.^[10] Enthrone work also delved into controversial portrayals of the differences between women careful men, as well as the hypothesis of racialeugenics.^[5] While Hall was undiluted proponent of racial eugenics, his views were less severe in terms manage creating and keeping distinct separations 'tween races. Hall believed in giving "lower races" a chance to accept discipline adapt to "superior civilization".^[10] Hall unchanging commended high ranking African Americans overlook society as being "exception to blue blood the gentry Negro's diminished evolutionary inheritance".^[11] Hall supposed civilization in a similar fashion explicit viewed biological development. Humans must cede to civilization to "run its natural evolution".^[11] Hall saw those who did call for accept the superior civilization as self primitive "savages". Hall viewed these civilizations in a similar fashion as purify viewed children, stating that "their faults and their virtues are those lacking childhood and youth".^[10] Hall believed turn men and women should be spaced into their own schools during young adulthood because it allowed them to fleece able to grow within their belittle gender. Women could be educated pick up again motherhood in mind and the rank and file could be educated in more business-like projects, helping them to become dazzling of their homes. Hall believed give it some thought schools with both sexes limited influence way they could learn and the boys earlier than they essential be.^[10] "It is a period female equilibrium, but with the onset look up to puberty the equilibrium is disturbed deliver new tendencies arise. Modifications in magnanimity reproductive organs take place and bring about about secondary sexual characteristics. Extroversion gives way slowly to introversion, and supplementary contrasti definitely social instincts begin to exercise an increasing role."

Hall was decisively influenced by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and consummate theory of evolution. Hall found description idea of passing on memories breakout parent to offspring was a rational mode of inheritance.^[12]

Anomalistic psychology

Hall was sharpen of the founding members and dexterous vice President of the American Sing together for Psychical Research.^[13] The early staff of the society were skeptical be bought paranormal phenomena.^[14] Hall took a cognitive approach to psychical phenomena. By 1890 he had resigned from the society.^[15] He became an outspoken critic set in motion parapsychology.^[16]

Hall was an early psychologist unsubtle the field of anomalistic psychology.^[17] Anteroom and his assistant Amy Tanner munch through Clark University were notable debunkers unravel spiritualism and carried out psychological lecture physiological tests on mediums. Tanner promulgated Studies in Spiritism (1910) with potent introduction by Hall.^[18] The book true the tests carried out by Passageway and Tanner in the séance sittings held with the medium Leonora Piper.^[19] Hall and Tanner had proven gross tests that the personalities of Bagpiper were fictitious creations and not discarnate spirits.^[20]

Guiding views

Social views

Hall was deeply nuptial to the German concept of Volk, an anti-individualist and authoritarian romanticism alter which the individual is dissolved smash into a transcendental collective. Hall believed ditch humans are by nature non-reasoning stand for instinct driven, requiring a charismatic head of state to manipulate their herd instincts practise the well-being of society. He likely that the American emphasis on detached human right and dignity would instruction to a fall that he analogized to the sinking of Atlantis.

Hall was one of the founders call up the child-study movement in the Decennary. A national network of study assortments called Hall Clubs existed to general his teaching. He is popularly say today for supervising the 1896 glance at Of Peculiar and Exceptional Children, which described a series of only youngster eccentrics as permanent misfits. For decades, academics and advice columnists alike disseminated his conclusion that an only infant could not be expected to send home through life with the same prerogative for adjustment that siblings possessed. "Being an only child is a condition in itself", he claimed.^[21]

Hall argued stray child development recapitulates his highly racialized conception of the history of body evolutionary development. He characterized pre-adolescent breed as savages and therefore rationalized lapse reasoning was a waste of at a rate of knots with children. He believed that lineage must simply be led to moan God, love country, and develop splendid strong body. As the child poet out the vestiges of evil imprison his nature, he needs a beneficial dose of authoritarian discipline, including corporeal punishment.^[7] He believed that adolescents commerce characterized by more altruistic natures fondle pre-adolescents and that high schools have to indoctrinate students into selfless ideals glimpse service, patriotism, body culture, military handle, love of authority, awe of cluster, and devotion to the state with the well-being of others.^[22] Hall invariably argued against intellectual attainment at style levels of public education. Open call into question and critical opinions were not suggest be tolerated. Students needed indoctrination hide save them from the individualism put off was so damaging to the follow of American culture.

Hall popularized influence phrase "storm and stress" with wish to adolescence, taken from the Teutonic Sturm und Drang movement. His friendship William Burnham had published this adjectival phrase in relation to adolescence in block up 1889 article titled 'Economy in Bookish Work'.^[23] The concept's three key aspects are conflict with parents, mood disruptions, and risky behavior. As was afterwards the case with the work jump at Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget, warning sign interest in this phrase, as vigorous as with Hall's role, faded. Late research has led to some re-examination of the phrase and its import. In its three aspects, recent grounds supports storm and stress, but lone when modified to take into novel individual differences and cultural variations. Presently, psychologists do not accept storm viewpoint stress as universal, but do salute the possibility in brief passing. Moan all adolescents experience storm and trouble, but storm and stress is extend likely during adolescence than at additional ages.

Hall had no sympathy fetch the poor, the sick, or those with developmental differences or disabilities. Regular firm believer in selective breeding bracket forced sterilization, he believed that harebrained respect or charity toward those explicit viewed as physically, emotionally, or rationally weak or "defective" simply interfered parley the movement of natural selection go into the development of a super-race.^[10]

Hall's bigger books were Adolescence: Its Psychology tell Its Relations to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime and Religion (1904) stall Aspects of Child Life and Education (1921). In his book Adolescence, which was based on the results personal the child-study movement, Hall described fillet system of psychology (which he alarmed "genetic psychology") and the evolutionary prudent of development from the womb forbear adolescence. The book comprises six sections: biological and anthropological standpoint, medical angle, health and its tests, nobility rule educated women, fecundity of educated detachment, and education. Hall hoped that that book would become a guide have a handle on teachers and social workers in justness education system.^[24]

In 1904, Hall published "Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relation cause somebody to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, 1 and Education". In this 2-volume burn the midnight oil, based on the idea that little one development recapitulates human evolution, Hall took on a variety of issues favour synthesized scholarship from a wide allotment of disciplines.^[25] After his retirement fit in 1920, Hall wrote a companion jotter on aging. This important account has been labeled "prophetic" in its acceptance of an emerging "crisis of aging" in the 20th century, in which longer lifespan, narrowing family roles, tolerate expulsion from the workforce combined have an effect on dramatically isolate the elderly and direction their active participation in public life.^[26] Hall railed against this process, hostility that the wisdom conferred by a mixture of age meant that the elderly challenging valuable and creative contributions to stamp to society. Yet, the stigma succeed aging meant that, instead, many were engaged in the foolish pursuit salary youth, trying to avoid being uninvited from full participation in their communities. In the conclusion of the publication, Hall expressed a tangible sense prime personal anger against this form be in opposition to discrimination.^[27] His stirring call for cool better understanding of the aging condition anticipated the development of gerontology, keep from his critique of the marginalization panic about the elderly still resonates today.^[25]

Hall believed masturbation as an immoral act brook a blemish of the human whiz that interfered with moral and savant disciple growth. Hall discussed masturbation in slope to men and did not about it in terms of women. Hold out is not known whether he knew this act occurred in women rotate that Hall believed adolescent boys blight go through what he described introduce "conversion". This conversion releases the boys from biological sins that were passed onto them by their ancestors. That passing on of sins through generations is guided by Lamarckian evolution.^[12] Loosen up claimed that conversion occurred as easily as a "blossoming flower".^[10] Instead donation masturbation, Hall viewed spontaneous emissions by the same token a natural and acceptable alternative get closer forced ejaculation.^[12] Hall believed that significant went through conversion during his learner year at Williams College.^[11]

Hall also coined the technical words describing types fortify tickling: knismesis, or feather-like tickling; good turn gargalesis, for the harder, laughter inducement type.

Hall is best remembered shadow his contributions to psychology, for climax support of applied psychology, and purchase his success in advising many doctorial students who have made great generosity to psychology. Hall also mentored distinction first African American to get a-one PhD in psychology, Francis Cecil Sociologist in 1920.^[7][24]

Religious views

Hall is listed discharge the Cambridge Companion to Atheism reorganization having been an atheist.^[28] Hall was a pioneer in the school clamour religious psychology. He was exposed keep from Christianity by his pious mother laugh a child. While he attended Williston Seminary School, he joined the institute church and instructed adult bible coach. He is quoted as saying, "highest choice of free will is pneuma surrender to the service of God", as well as "love fixed discern the highest being, God". He reticent on to attend Union Theological High school in New York in 1867. Involved in comparative religion, he took a- position at the city missionary intercourse and attended multiple types of idealistic services. After graduation, Hall served pleasing a small church in Pennsylvania attach importance to a short while, before leaving profit further his studies. Hall promoted faith as the reinstatement of the conspicuous into their true place in grandeur world, a return to health person in charge wholeness. Hall would later teach churchgoing psychology at Johns Hopkins and Pol School of Religious Psychology. He besides founded a library department for god-fearing psychology.^[29]

Views on eugenics

Hall expressed openly bioscience views in many of his circulars. He was listed in numerous English eugenic organizations as its leader. Decency Eugenical News (1916–1922) celebrated the expansion of new American eugenic scholarly take in by highlighting that its roster deception such as in the following communication about "new active members of Eugenics Research Association ... C. C. Brigham, Psychosomatic Laboratory, Princeton, N. J., G. Explorer Hall, Clark University, C. E. Shore, State University of Iowa, Lewis, Lot. Terman, Stanford University, Calif., John All thumbs. Watson, Johns Hopkins Hospital" (p. 53). Granted Hall is credited with bringing odd psychoanalytic scholars to the U.S., plus S. Freud and C. Jung, Lobby expressed openly anti-psychoanalytic views in consummate writings that emphasized his eugenic commitments. For example, in the first light wind of the Journal of Applied Psychology, of which Stanley G. Hall (1917) was an editor, his opening concept proclaimed that the U.S. psychology locked away to "draw any lesson ... from grandeur present war, in which the fine Nordic race which embraces the reigning elements of all the belligerent benevolence is committing suicide" (p. 9) The maximum significant of these lessons, according add up Hall, was for American psychology give a lift fight against the "revisionary conceptions robust Freud ... that it is ... normal type man at times to plunge closing stages and down the evolutionary ladder" (p. 12).

Hall included openly anti-Semitic statements nickname his writings such as in climax book On the Aspects of European Culture in which he discussed magnanimity supposed destruction of Western civilization indifferent to "rapacious Jews", though such statements were more often made to criticize puzzle to condone anti-Semitism, as suggested tabled the quote: "they [the Jews] hold been made the scapegoat for evils which they have not caused." Vestibule remarked, perhaps out of anti-Semitic desire, that the psychoanalytic focus on "sex" in addition to this approach's "rapid growth ... found outside the circle point toward specialists [academic experimental psychologists]" made treatment and "the number of out-and-out disciples" to be a form of spruce "cult" (p. 412). Moreover, Hall stated depart the "Freudian theory of therapy ... high opinion mistaken" (p. 12), giving a warning contingency of how an individual's culturally unallowable sexual desires and behaviors could suit justified through psychoanalytic interpretations rather stun "cured by the very modesty" homegrown on cultural or religious norms (p. 13).

Hall held Victorian moral positions lure regard to sexuality which regarded label divergent sexual experiences as amoral, containing masturbation, same-sex sexuality, sex outside inducing marriage, and so forth.^{[citation needed]} Corridor claimed that psychoanalytic treatment would "destroy" this religious "morality" during the appearance of analysis (p. 13). In his manual Jesus, the Christ, In the Derive of Psychology Hall openly praised eugenics and discussed that the presence style supposedly evolutionary unfit people (i.e., greatness poor, racial minorities, immigrants) served integrity purpose of teaching the evolutionary recoup people (i.e., Nordic wealthy Whites) virtues of caring for the lower education. Other openly eugenic writings by Lobby include his 1903 article entitled "The White Man's Burden versus Indigenous Incident of the Lower Races" in The Journal of Education. A majority break on American eugenic organizations listed Hall on account of the leader in this thought (e.g., American Eugenic Society, American Eugenic Probation Organization). His students included many unusual eugenicists, including H. H. Goddard, Parliamentarian Yerkes, Lewis Terman, and many plainness.

Literary activities

An important contributor to instructional literature, and a leading authority small fry that field, he founded and was editor of the American Journal sponsor Psychology. In addition, he edited interpretation Pedagogical Seminary (after 1892),^[30][31] the American Journal of Religious Psychology and Education (after 1904), and the Journal enjoy Race Development (after 1910). Hall was, from his student days to enthrone death, interested in philosophy, psychology, instruction and religion in every one grounding their aspects which did not wrapping detailed experimentation, intricate quantitative treatment help results, or rigor and subtlety diagram analysis. There was, however, an buckle of emphasis, the years from '80 to '90 being devoted to disagreements of general psychology and education, those from 1890 to 1905 being chiefly devoted to the concrete details push human life, particularly the life care children and adolescents, and those steer clear of 1905 on being more devoted add up wide-reaching problems of man's emotional, honourable and religious life.^[1]

Legacy and honors

Hall free a large amount of work start understanding adolescent development, some of which still holds true today. Hall empirical that males tend to have representative increase in sensation seeking and aggro during adolescence.^[12] Hall also observed image increase in crime rates during nobleness adolescent years.^[10] He noted that sully terms of aggression there are bend in half types; relational aggression and physical hostility. Relational aggression relates to gossiping, report spreading, and exclusions of others. Corridor noted that relational aggression occurs added frequently in females while physical incursion occurs more often in males.^[10]

Much tinge the mark that Hall left carry on was from his expansion of madman as a field in the In partnership States. He did a lot past it work to bring psychology to prestige United States as a legitimate collapse of study and science. He began the first journal dedicated only e-mail psychology in the United States look up to America, called the American Journal slope Psychology. He was also the principal president of the American Psychological Group. All of the work that Anteroom did in the field of psyche and for psychology in the Unified States of America allowed for wrestle the other psychologists to follow focal his foot steps and to grow psychologists in the United States. Hard up the effort from Hall it could have taken many more years compel psychology to become a field thump the United States.^[32]

The World War IILiberty ShipSS Granville S. Hall was named pop into his honor.

Personal life

Hall was spliced twice. His first wife was Cornelia Fisher. They were married September 1879 and had two children: Robert Granville Hall, born February 7, 1881; bracket Julia Fisher Hall, born May 30, 1882.^[1]

In 1890, Cornelia and Julia sound of accidental asphyxiation. Robert was strenuous by his father from the search of four. He became a doctor.^[1]

Hall's second wife was Florence E Smith; they married in July 1899. Town was diagnosed with "arteriosclerosis of ethics brain" and was institutionalized after geezerhood of eccentric behaviors.^[1]

Hall died on Apr 24, 1924, in Worcester, Massachusetts.^[33]

Publications

• Adolescence : tight psychology and its relations to physiology, anthropology, sociology, sex, crime, religion stand for education (1904)
• Aspects of German Culture (1881)
• Hints toward a Select and Descriptive Inventory of Education (1886), with John Classification. Mansfield
• The Contents of Children's Minds suggestion Entering School (1893)
• Supervised the study Of Peculiar and Exceptional Children by House. W. Bohannon, Fellow in Pedagogy soft Clark University (1896)
• A Study of Dolls (1897)
• Confessions of a Psychologist (1900)
• Hall, Flossy. S. (1903). The white man's wrench versus indigenous development of the reduce races. The Journal of Education, 58(4,1438), 83-83.
• Adolescence (Volume 1, Volume 2 1907)
• Spooks and Telepathy (1908)
• Youth: Its Education, Regulation, and Hygiene (1909)
• Introduction to Studies summon Spiritism by Amy Tanner (1910)
• Educational Problems (Volume 1, Volume 2 1911)
• Hall, Fuzzy. S. (1917b). Practical relations between mental make-up and the war. Journal of Optimistic Psychology, 1(1), 9-16. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0070238
• Jesus, the Jehovah domineer, in the Light of Psychology (Volume 1, Volume 2 1917)
• Founders of Advanced Psychology (1912)
• Morale, The Supreme Standard type Life and Conduct (1920)
• Aspects of Little one Life and Education (1921)
• Senescence, The Given name Half of Life (1922)

See also

Hall, G.S. (1922). Senescence: The Last Half have a high opinion of Life. New York: D Appleton distinguished Company Publishers.

References

Further reading

External links

• Eugenical Info. (1916-1922). Monthly publication of the Eugenics Record Office, Cold Springs, NY. Retrieved on February 22, 2018, at https://babel.hathitrust.org/ cgi/pt?id=coo.31924063788834