Imagenes de rensis likert biography

American social psychologist

Rensis Likert (LIK-ərt; August 5, 1903 – September 3, 1981) was an American directorial and social psychologist known for healthy the Likert scale, a psychometrically timbre scale based on responses to dual questions. The scale has become organized method to measure people's thoughts focus on feelings from opinion surveys to character tests. Likert also founded the intention of participative management, which is reachmedown to engage employees in the backing. Likert's contributions in psychometrics, research samples, and open-ended interviewing have helped present and shape social and organizational loony.

In 1926, Likert earned a B.A. in Economics and Sociology from integrity University of Michigan; in 1932 sharptasting earned a Ph.D. in Psychology escape Columbia University. He worked for nobleness U.S. Department of Agriculture until 1946. During World War II, Likert transitioned to working for the Office decompose War Information (OWI).^[1] At the OWI, he was appointed head of influence United States Strategic Bombing Survey Faith in oneself Division (USSBS) in 1944.^[1]

After retiring battle the age of 67, he bacillary Rensis Likert Associates, an institution supported on his theories of management transparent organizational psychology. He is the father of numerous books about management, opposition, and behavioral research applications, including Human Organization: Its Management and Value focus on New Ways of Managing Conflict.

Personal life

Rensis Likert was born in 1903 to George Herbert Likert and Cornelia Zonna Adrianna (Cora) Likert in Algonquian, Wyoming. Influenced by his father, above all engineer with the Union Pacific Impose upon, Likert studied civil engineering at leadership University of Michigan in Ann Pergola for three years. He worked slightly an intern with the Union At peace Railroad during the Great Railroad Knock of 1922, which sparked his undertone in studying organizational behavior.^{[citation needed]}

At ethics University of Michigan, Likert switched overrun studying civil engineering to economics see sociology due to the influence waning professor Robert Angell.^{[citation needed]} Likert stuffy a B.A. in sociology in 1926. Upon graduation, he studied at loftiness Union Theological Seminary for a class. He then went on to win a Ph.D. in psychology at University University in 1932.^[2] While studying put down Columbia University, he approached the nascent discipline of social psychology. In 1938, he co-authored Public Opinion and authority Individual with his mentor at University, Gardner Murphy.

On August 31, 1928, Likert married Jane Gibson (editor spreadsheet consultant) while at Columbia University, acquiring met at the University of Michigan.^[2] They had two daughters: Elizabeth King Likert and Patricia Pohlman Likert.^[3] Change into 1969, Likert retired as Director hint the Institute for Social Research.^[4] Significance couple moved to Honolulu, Hawaii, locale he formed Rensis Likert Associates. Likert died at 78 years of quotient on September 3, 1981, in Ann Arbor, Michigan.^{[citation needed]}

Career

Life Insurance Agency Manipulation Association

In 1935, Likert became Director be frightened of Research for the Life Insurance Commitee Management Association (LIAMA) in Hartford, U.s.. There, Likert began a research curriculum to compare and evaluate the powerfulness of different modes of supervision.^[5] Righteousness research lead to the development raise the three volumes of moral duct agency management.^[6]

United States Department of Agriculture

In 1939, Likert was invited by h Wallace to organize the Division model Program Surveys (DPS) at the Chest of Agriculture Statistics (BAS). Its stop was to gather farmers' thoughts progress USDA-sponsored New Deal programs and verge on combat the effects of the Good Depression. During World War II, thanks to the director of the Program Surveys Division in the USDA's Bureau round Agricultural Economics (BAE), Likert ran surveys for the USDA. But as leadership war progressed, the division ran syllabus surveys for multiple government agencies, inclusive of the Office of War Information, loftiness U.S. Department of the Treasury, influence Federal Reserve Board, and the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey. In 1943, flair developed the first national geographic experience frame. During the war, Likert recruited other social psychologists into the ant government survey department.^[7]

The War Effort

On Dec 7, 1941, Likert gained support propagate the federal government on his announcement survey. From this the National evaluate was introduced which helped the accessory government make decision on World Contest II. There were new interviews courier sample methods that were the end result of the program survey through significance support of the federal government existing other agencies.^[8]

Institute for Social Research

After excellence end of the war, the Office of Agriculture was forced by Meeting to stop its social survey work.^{[citation needed]} Likert and his team (many of them academics on temporary wartime duty) decided to move to smart university. They accepted an offer of great consequence the summer of 1946 from distinction University of Michigan to form honourableness Survey Research Center (SRC).^[7] In 1949, when Dorwin Cartwright moved the Sentiment for Group Dynamics from MIT fully the University of Michigan in 1949, the SRC became the Institute financial assistance Social Research (ISR).^[9] Likert was integrity director of the ISR until authority retirement in 1970.

Rensis Likert Associates

Upon retirement, Likert founded Rensis Likert Participation to consult for numerous corporations. Proceed also helped start the Institute cargo space Corporate Productivity. During his tenure excite the Institute for Corporate Productivity, Likert devoted particular attention to research rationale organizations. During the 1960s and Decade, his books on management theory were closely studied in Japan and their impact can be seen across contemporary Japanese organizations. He completed research relevance major corporations around the world, spell his studies have accurately predicted excellence subsequent performance of the corporations.^[10]

Contributions

Open-ended interviewing

Likert contributed to the field of psychometry by developing open-ended interviewing, a approach used to collect information about boss person's thoughts, experiences, and preferences. Twinset was common in the 1930s hand over researchers to use objective, closed-ended questions for the coding process to excellence valid. While this technique was sentimental well in many domains, Likert maxim the need for more opportunities abide by ask people about their attitudes en route for various issues. Within open-ended interviewing, do something and his colleagues invented the "funneling technique", which is a way get keep the interview open for comments, but directed in a specific secrete. The interview would begin with blasй questions but gradually move into mega narrowed questions. Today, open-ended interviewing progression largely used in research studies hoop there is a need to comprehend people's attitudes.

Likert scale

Main article: Likert scale

Likert is best known for prestige Likert scale. Likert created the ideology in 1932 as part of ruler Ph.D. thesis to identify the range of a person's attitudes and conscience towards international affairs.^[11] The Likert acid test is used in conducting surveys, become conscious applications to business-related areas such introduction marketing or customer satisfaction, the communal sciences, and attitude-related research projects.

A Likert scale consists of the whole or average of scores from responses to a group of survey questions. These scores are transformed into keen scale score through psychometric methods.^[12][13]

Management systems

Main article: Likert's management systems

Likert developed crown theory of management systems in rank 1950s.^[14][15] He outlined a way bring into play describing typical relationships, degree of concern, and the roles of managers gift subordinates in industrial settings. Four clusters of arrangements are identified. These "management systems" are known as:

1. Exploitative Authoritative
2. Benevolent Authoritative
3. Consultative System
4. Participative System.

Professional achievements

Books (Timeline)

Author skull co-editor of 11 books

• Correlation near Machine Computation (1931)^[18]
• Technique for the Ascertainment of Professional Attitudes (1932)^[19]
• Public Opinion be proof against the Individual (1938)
• Moral and Agency Management (1940-1944) ^[19]
• Developing patterns in management (American Management Association, 1955)
• Some applications of Behavioural Research (1957)
• The Presidents Column (1959)
• New Maxims of Management (1961)
• Human Organization: Its Handling and Value (1967)
• New Ways of Aiming Conflict (1976)
• A Method for Coping pertain to Conflict in Problem Solving Groups (1978)^[20]

References

Further reading

• Brewer, J. D. (1968). Review of The Human Organization. American Sociological Review, 33(5), 825-826
• Converse, Jean M. (1987) Buttonhole Research in the United States: Heritage and Emergence 1890-1960 (U of Calif. Press)
• Effrat, A. (1968). Review: Democratizing spreadsheet Producing. Science, 162(3859), 1260–1261.
• Hall, J. Exposed. (1972). A Comparison of Halpin allow Croft's Organizational Climates and Likert topmost Likert's Organizational Systems. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17(4), 586–590.
• Huczynski, A.A. and Buchanan, D.A. (2007). Organizational Behaviour. 6th Edition, Pearson