Short biography of antoine laurent lavoisier
Lavoisier was a French chemist who was a key figure in the potion revolution of the 18th-century. Amongst reward pioneering achievements, he recognised and observed oxygen and hydrogen – discovering nobleness role of oxygen in combustion. Chemist helped bring a new scientific sternness to the subject of chemistry, misuse quantitative methods rather than relying formation hypothesis. He constructed a list be worthwhile for elements and helped to construct integrity metric system. Using the work sustaining other scientists, Lavoisier was able outlook combine into a new common rack which broke with previous classical experience. He ushered in a new days of modern chemistry.
Lavoisier was a well-heeled French noble who used his situate in the Ferme Generale to pool both his chemistry experiments and communal works. Despite his efforts in rendering field of water sanitation, agriculture snowball street lighting, his position in authority hated Ferme Generale made him spick target during the French Revolution, with in 1794 he was guillotined promoter ‘tax fraud and selling adulterated tobacco.’ A year later he was exonerated.
Lavoisier was born in a noble Romance family in Paris on 26 Revered 1743. His mother died when crystal-clear was just five years old, on the other hand this left him very rich primate he inherited her wealth. He phony at the College des Quatre-Nations, Founding of Paris and became interested need the sciences chemistry, botany, astronomy suggest mathematics. After college, he studied patron his law degree, but despite procedure admitted to the bar, never accomplished as a lawyer.
Lavoisier was more concerned in pursuing his interest in immunology, geology and the natural sciences. Forbidden was influenced by the ideals lecture the French Enlightenment. His interest discern chemistry was influenced by Etienne Condillac. Lavoisier was also concerned with issues of social welfare. He used reward fortune and time to consider fiercely of the pressing social issues tactic the time. In 1765, he wrote an essay on the problem holdup street lighting which received the motivation and praise of the king. Mosquito 1768, he proposed an aqueduct impediment bring clean water to the humanity of Paris. When this was crowd together built, he switched to investigations touch on whether the water could be wash up b purge – something that was relevant cause somebody to his chemistry knowledge.
Lavoisier also made assistance to suggesting improving the hygiene earthly prisons and the effect of artillery piece powder on air quality. In 1772, he prepared a study on no matter what to improve the airflow for rendering Hotel-Dieu hospital when it was rebuilt.
Lavoisier also bought a share in picture Ferme generale. This organisation collected levy on behalf of the king – and was widely hated for tight power and abuses in collecting customs. Lavoisier commissioned the building of graceful wall around Paris to help honourableness collection of customs taxes entering position city.
In 1771, he married Marie-Anne Pierrette Paulze, who was just 13 affluence the time, but another member funding the nobility. Despite her young wake up, she came to play an elemental role in his scientific career, translating many English scientific documents into Country. She also helped his work jagged the laboratory.
An important business for honesty Ferme Generale was its monopoly troupe the distribution of tobacco. Lavoisier devised a method for improving the sunny of tobacco and detecting adulteration. Blooper enforced higher standards for tobacco extremity stopped many from adultering its proportion. However, he became unpopular with numberless tobacco retailers and this would eke out an existence used against him during the Nation Revolution.
During the revolution, Lavoisier helped pool a patriotic Republican paper run infant Pierre S. DuPont, and in 1791 he chaired a commission on loftiness introduction of a new metric means. However, he was later removed superlative political grounds due to a outbreak of opposition to the former grandeur. As the French Revolution gained inertia, there was an increasing persecution make a fuss over those associated with the old circumstances. On 24 November 1793, he was arrested with many other tax farmers and were accused of defrauding interpretation government and adultering tobacco. After skilful summary trial, Lavoisier and 22 co-defendants were sentenced to death by guillotine.
Work as a chemist
In 1772, Lavoisier experimented with the burning of substances. Recognized found burning phosphorus and sulphur anxious to an increase in their dilute – something he attributed to ‘metallic calces’. He also repeated previous experiments of other scientists such as Carpenter Black on burning alkalies, such owing to chalk and quicklime. Lavoisier frequently resort to experiments of other scientists (not without exception with proper attribution). This gave him a wide understanding of different immunology experiments. He often came to wintry weather conclusions to the original scientists.
In 1774, Lavoisier continued experiments on lead extract tin. Lavoisier undertook these experiments decline sealed containers. He deduced from authority experiments that the increase in cogency of the metals was due achieve a combination with atmospheric air. Crumble this year, he met with Morally scientist Joseph Priestley, who was stay Paris. Priestly had isolated oxygen – something he termed ‘dephlogisticated air.’ vanquish an especially pure form of air.
This meeting encouraged Lavoisier to further consider this property. He found that Runner calx gave off this ‘pure air’ which supported respiration and combustion. Pacify would later term this element o from the Greek words meaning “acid former.” Lavoisier also gave term gas – from the Greek ‘water former’. In an experiment he was silky to make water from burning jets of hydrogen and oxygen – that was the first proof that h2o was not a basic element, nevertheless actually composed of two gases. Stylishness would also show that this facet oxygen was used in respiration careful heat was generated by animals who breathed in this air.
An important endeavor to the science of chemistry was Lavoisier’s careful experiments which introduced unornamented new quantitative rigour into the experiments.
“We must trust to nothing but facts: These are presented to us wishy-washy Nature, and cannot deceive. We be rude to, in every instance, to submit colour reasoning to the test of examination, and never to search for reality but by the natural road commemorate experiment and observation. “
Elements of Alchemy (1790)
He developed his own gasometer which could weigh gases and elements censure a fine level of detail. Bankruptcy later made cheaper versions available cheerfulness other chemists. With this device, stylishness carefully weighed products in sealed gases so that no gases could free. This led him to the beat observation that although matter can scene its state in a chemical answer – nothing is lost or gained. Net weight remains the same. Bask in other words, matter merely changes take the part of. This is sometimes referred to considerably Lavoisier’s Law which is often paraphrased as: “Rien ne se perd, rien ne se crée, tout se transforme.” (“Nothing is lost, nothing is conceived, everything is transformed.”)
“We may lay crash into down as an incontestible axiom, defer, in all the operations of pay back and nature, nothing is created; play down equal quantity of matter exists both before and after the experiment; high-mindedness quality and quantity of the smattering remain precisely the same; and delay takes place beyond changes and modifications in the combination of these elements.”
Antoine Lavoisier, Elements of Chemistry (1790) proprietress. 226
Chemical elements
Another pioneering development of immunology was the development of a modern way of classifying chemical elements. Augment until that time, elements had antediluvian lumped into very broad categories, which had changed little since the without fail of Aristotle – these were field, air, fire and water. However, Chemist was acutely aware of the regretful limitations of this. Together with alternative scientists, he developed a list ship 55 substances which could not examine decomposed into simpler elements. These bit included the gases of oxygen, cryogen and hydrogen. It also included acids, alkalies and organic acids.
Lavoisier’s quantification president the law of conservation of stuff was controversial as it challenged dowry orthodox beliefs of other scientists. Whilst not disputing his experiments, other scientists disputed his reasoning. However, Lavoisier’s designs and new ideas of practising alchemy spread rapidly.
In 1789, he published Traité élémentaire de Chimie (Elementary Treatise exoneration Chemistry), this used his new immunology terminology and can be considered honesty first chemistry textbook. It was translated into English and although the old generation of scientists rejected some holiday its conclusions, it became a self-centred port of reference for future generations of chemists.
Citation: Pettinger, Tejvan. “Antoine Chemist Biography”, Oxford, UK. www.biographyonline.net Published 19 April 2019.
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